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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the cleaning and humidifying actions of the respiratory tract
|
the mucosa
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what is the respiratory mucosa composed of [3]
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pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
goblet cells CT sheat with seromucous glands |
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what does the olfactory mucosa have?
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a thin mucous secretion that dissolves odoriferous substances
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what perceives the dissolved odoriferous substances?
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olfactory cells
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what are the cell types of the olfactory epithelium?
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olfactory cells
supporting cells basal cells |
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where do the axons of the olfactory cells go and what nerve do they form?
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pass through cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone as CN 1
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the larynx?
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vestibule, ventricle, and infraglottic cavity
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what is the diff between larger and smaller bronchioles?
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larger bronchioles have ciliated epithelium with few goblet cells
smaller branches are simple columnar with Clara cells instead of Goblet cells; thickness of wall decreases in small bronchioles |
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two cell types of the alveoli?
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type 1 pneumocyte
type 2 pneumocyte |
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what do type 2 pneumocytes produce?
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surfactant
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are capillaries in the alveoli fenestrated or non-fenestrated?
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non-fenestrated
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what comprises the blood-air barrier?
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attenuated endothelial capillary cels
two combined basal laminae attenuated type 1 pneumocyte surfactant |
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how does air pass from one resp. alveoli to another?
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alveolar pores
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how are resp. alveoli separated
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alveolar septa
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What's the name of the alveolar macrophages?
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Dust cells
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Are Clara cells mucous or non-mucous? What's their function?
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non-mucous; protect bronchiolar epithelium and detoxify harmful substances inhaled
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What type of neurons are the olfactory sensory cells?
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bipolar
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What are the receptor ends of the bipolar olfactory neurons?
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modified cilia
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What binds the odors to the cilia?
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Odorant-binding proteins
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What essentially happens when an odor hits a odor-binding protein containing cilia?
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could hit gated ion channel
could hit receptor that activates adenylate cyclase result is ion channels open, plasmalemma depolarizes, and olfactory cell is excited |
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what are the three requirements of odorants?
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volatile [can enter nasal cavity]
water soluble [penetrate mucous] lipid soluble [access phospholipid membrane] |
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where creates the potential energy of the expanded lung?
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elastic fibers of the lung
relaxation of inspiratory muscles |
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what metalloprotein accomplishes oxygen uptake and release?
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hemoglobin
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what key enzyme do RBCs contain that facilitates rapid formation of H2CO3?
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carbonic anhydrase
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what glands are in the olfactory region?
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Bowman's glands [secrete watery mucous]
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what is the type of epithelium for all of the resp tract until the bronchioles?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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what is the type of epithelium from small bronchioles to the start of the alveolar ducts?
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simple cuboidal w/ some Clara cells
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what is an resp. alveolar sac?
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groups of alveoli
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what is the epithelial lining of the alveolar ducts?
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simple squamous epithelium
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what controls the opening of the alveolus?
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elastic fibers
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what is a difference between respiratory bronchioles and terminal bronchioles?
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resp bronchioles have outpocketings of alveoli in their walls
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what is characteristic feature of type 2 pneumocytes, especially in EM picture?
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lamellar bodies
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in terms of nuclei, which is closer to the lumen in olfactory epithelium: olfactory cells or sustentacular cells?
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sustentacular cells
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Do bronchioles have glands in their walls?
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No
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Is the cytoplasm of the blood-air barrier thick or thin?
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thin
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The digestive system is organized into three main categories, what are they?
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oral
muscular alimentary glandular |
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What are the two main divisions of the oral cavity?
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externally positioned vestibule
internally placed oral cavity proper? |
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What is the vestibule in terms of the oral cavity?
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space between lips, cheek, and teeth
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What is the oral cavity proper?
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area bounded by teeth, floor of mouth, and hard+soft palates
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What is the epithelium of the oral cavity proper and vestibule?
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stratified squamous epithelium or stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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In terms of definition, what's the difference between masticatory and lining oral mucosa?
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if keratinized it is masticatory
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what are the four taste bud sensations?
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sweet, sour, salty, bitter
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where are the taste buds?
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oral cavity
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are there salivary glands in the oral cavity?
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yes, minor ones
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What are the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal?
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mucosa, submucos, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa
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what is important about the mucosa of the alimentary canal? what are the sub-layers?
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wet epithelial lining (secretory + absorptive)
CT lamina propria (glands+vessels) muscularis mucosae (two thin smooth muscle layers, mobility of mucosa) |
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what is important about the submucosa of the alimentary canal?
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physically supports the mucosa; provides nerve, vascular, and lymphatic supply (and sometimes glands)
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what is important about the muscularis externa? what are sublayers?
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inner circular
[vascular and nervous plexuses in between] outer circular churns and propels luminal contents |
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what is important about the serosa/adventitia layer of the alimentary canal?
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contains a simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) that reduces frictional forces
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what type of epithelia does the esophagus have?
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stratified squamous non-keratinized
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does the esophagus have glands? if so, what are they?
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yes, esophageal cardiac glands
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what two regions of the alimentary canal have glands in the submucosa?
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duodenum and esophagus
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does the muscularis externa change composition as it goes from proximal to distal? if so, to what?
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yes, goes from skeletal to smooth
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what are the three regions of the stomach?
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cardia, fundus, pylorus
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what is the epithelial lining of the stomach?
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simple columnar epithelium
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what disrupts the smooth lining of the gastric epithelial?
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gastric pits
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What are in gastric pits?
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gastric glands
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what comprises a gastric gland [5]
|
parietal (oxynotic) cells
mucous neck cells surface lining cells diffuse neuroendocrine cells (DNES and UPUD) regenerative cells |
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what does the fundic gland have
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all the gastric gland stuff as well as chief cells
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what do oxynotic cells produce?
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HCl and gastric intrinsic factor
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What cells produce mucous that prevents self-digestion?
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mucous neck cells w/ surface lining cells
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What do DNES cells produce?
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gastrin, somatostatin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
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where are regenerative cells of the stomach normally found?
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in the neck and isthmus of the stomach
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what is the order from top to bottom of the stomach gland regions?
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isthmus, neck, base
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Where are regenerative cells in the stomach normally found?
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In the neck and isthmus of the gastric gland
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Where are chief cells found in the stomach gland?
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At the base of the gland
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what do chief cells produce?
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precursor enzymes [pepsin, rennin, and lipase]
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what are the sections from proximal to distal of the intestine?
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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which regions of the small intestine have villi?
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all three
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what is the epithelial type of the small intestine?
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simple columnar
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in the small intestine, what is the epithelia contain?
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goblet, surface absorptive cells, and DNES cells.
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what do the tall, columnar surface absorptive cells contain?
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microvilli covered by a thick glycocalyx
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where are chylomicrons delivered in the small intestine?
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to lacteals
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what are lacteals?
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blindly ending lymphatic channels of the villus
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what are the simple tubular glands in the small intestine called?
|
crypts of Lieberkuhn
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what do the crypts of Lieberkuhn contain?
[5] |
simple columnar cells
goblet cells DNES cells regenerative cells Paneth cells |
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where are the Paneth cells located? what part of the alimentary system are they located?
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in the base of the crypts; only in the small intestine
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what do the secretory granules of paneth cells contain?
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lysozyme
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what important immune component does the lamina propria of the small intestine (ONLY ileum) contain?
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Peyer's patches (B cells in germinal centers, T cells in between)
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what cells are between Peyer's patches and surface epithelium?
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M cells
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what gland does the submucosa of the duodenum contain
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Brunner's gland
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what's the big deal with Brunner's glands?
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secrete urogastrone and alkaline, mucin containing fluid that protects the intestinal lining
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what are the 8 sections of the large intestine
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cecum
ascending transverse descending sigmoid rectum anal canal appendix |
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what parts of the GI system contain crypts of Lieberkuhn?
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small and large intestine
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where are Paneth cells found?
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only in the small intestine
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does the large intestine have villi?
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no
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what does the epithelial lining of the crypt contain?
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goblet
surface absorptive cells regenerative cells DNES cells |
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what target-class of hormones are secreted by APUD/DNES cells?
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paracrine
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what are the surface area modifications of the small intestine called?
|
plicae circulares
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what do goblet cells produce?
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mucinogen, which after hydration, becomes mucin, which after mixing, becomes mucous.
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Where are regenerative cells found in the gastric glands and the crypts?
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in the crypts they are at the base
in the gastric glands they are at the isthmus |
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what does pancreatic lipase break down lipids into?
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glycerol
fatty acids monoglycerides |
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what are in micelles?
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bile salts from gall bladder, emulsifying fatty acids and monoglycerides
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where is Aeurbach's plexus?
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between the two layers of muscles in all GI systems
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where is Meissner's submuscosal plexus?
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it's a secondary component of Auerbach's so it's wherever Auerbach's is, all GI systems
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where does the simple columnar epithelia stop?
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at the recto-anal junction
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what are the three types of epithelia of the anal region?
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simple cuboidal to anal valves
stratified squamous distal to valves epidermis at the orifice |
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what kinds of stuff is present in the anal region?
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circumanal glands
hair follicles sebaceous glands |
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where does the villi system of epithelial organization start?
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duodenum
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is there a brush border in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?
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yes
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which section of the GI system has the tallest villi?
|
duodenum
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where are APUD granules usually located
|
basally
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If I were to tell you I have a slide that has no pits or villi and that it comes from something beyond the esophagus and before the rectum, what section is it?
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Colon
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Are there Paneth cells in the colon?
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No
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what are the major glands fo the digestive system?
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salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
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what are the three major salivary glands?
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parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
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What type of gland is the pancreas?
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endocrine and exocrine
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how is the alkaline fluid from the exocrine pancreas delivered to the duodenum
|
pancreatic duct
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what kind of secretions does the parotid gland excrete?
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serous
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what kind of secretions does the submandibular and sublingual gland excrete?
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mixed
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what is the release of enzymes by the pancreas controlled by?
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cholecystokinin and secretin
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what cells produce cholecystokinin and secretion?
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DNES cells
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what is the name of the spherical aggregates of the richly vascularized cords?
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islets of Langerhans
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what five cell types are present in the islets of Langerhans
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alpha cells=glucagon
beta cells=insulin G cells=gastrin Delta Cells=somatostatin PP cells=pancreatic polypeptide |
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what is the largest gland in the body?
|
liver
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what are the parenchymal cells of the liver called?
|
hepatocytes
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what is the exocrine by-product of the liver?
|
bile
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what cells control release of bile from the gall bladder?
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DNES cells
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what is the name of the liver associated macrophages?
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Kupffer cells
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What cell product causes release of bile from the gall bladder?
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cholecystokinin from the DNES cells
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what is the epithelial cell type of the gall bladder
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simple columnar w/ (sometimes) tubuloalveolar mucous glands
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what enzyme causes centroacinar cells and cells of pancreatic intercalated ducts to secrete alkaline fluid?
|
secretin
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what is in bile?
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water
ions cholesterol phospholipids bilirubin glucuronide bile acids |
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where does detoxification of bilirubin occur?
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smoot ER of the hepatocytes
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what are some of the endocrine functions of the liver
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synthesis and release of plasma proteins
storage of glycogen and lipids synthesis of glucose gluconeogenesis transport of IgA into bile |
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what are the fat cells of the liver called?
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Ito cells
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where does accumulation and storage of vitamin A occur?
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Ito cells of the liver
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where does the serous acini deliver its secretions into [if we're in the parotid gland]?
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intercalated ducts
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what does the sublingual gland produce? what cells produce it?
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mixed secretion; mucous acini with serous demilunes
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what is the first cell of the intercalated pancreatic duct?
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centroacinar cell
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what is the center of the classic liver lobule? what's at the periphery?
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central vein;
portal triad |
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What is the portal triad?
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hepatic artery
portal vein bile duct |
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What lines the liver sinusoids?
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Sinusoidal lining cells and Kupffer cells
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What is sometimes noted in the space of Disse?
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fat-accumulating cells
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what is the space of Disse?
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space between hepatocyte and a sinusoid
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where does bile pass through?
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bili canaliculi
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where are the bile canaliculi?
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intercellular spaces between liver cells
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what is a portal lobule and what is it based on?
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apices of triangle are central veins, portal triad is the center;
based on bile flow |
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what connects the liver to the gall bladder?
|
cystic duct
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what is the ligament between the two lobes of the liver?
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falciform ligament
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what is the portal acinus (aka liver acinus, aka Acinus of Rappaport)?
|
diamond shaped area of liver with long axis containing two central veins, short axis is a line between to portal area. Blood closest to short axis are first to receive blood
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What is Glisson's capsule?
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It is the investing part of the liver
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Order of "serous-ity" in salivary glands; greatest to least (non-serous)?
|
sublingual>submandibular>parotid
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what is each kidney divided into?
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cortex and medulla
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where do arteries and arteries enter and veins+ureter leave the kidney?
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hilum
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what are the two divisions of the cortical region?
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cortex and medulla
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what are the two divisions of the cortex
|
cortical labyrinth and medullary rays
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what equals the amount of lobes in the kidney?
|
the amount of pyramids
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where does the renal artery branch off of?
|
abdominal aorta
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what branches off renal artery?
|
interlobar arteries
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what branches off interlobar arteries?
|
arcuate arteries
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what branches of arcuate arteries?
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interlobular arteries
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what branches off of the interlobular arteries?
|
afferent glomerular arterioles which are enveloped by Bowman's capsule
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what drains the glomerulus?
|
efferent arterioles
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what are the vessels called that drain the efferent arterioles if they go into the cortex?
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peritubular capillary network
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what are the vessels called that drain the efferent arterioles if they go into the medulla?
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rectae spuriae, part of the vasa recta
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what is the draining pattern of the veins, name-->name
|
interlobular veins-->arcuate veins-->interlobar veins-->renal veins
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what is the functional unit of the kidney?
|
uriniferous tubule
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what does the uriniferous tubule contain?
|
nephron+collecting tubule
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what are the two types of nephrons?
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cortical and juxtamedullary
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what makes up the visceral layer of the capsule?
|
podocytes and pediceles
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what is the space called between adjoining pedicels?
|
slit diaphragms
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what type of endothelium does bowman's capsule contain?
|
simple squamous
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what type of epithelium does the Proximal Tubule contain?
|
simple cuboidal
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what type of epithelium does the Prox. Convoluted tubule contain?
|
extensive brush border w/ simple cuboidal
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what is the pars recta?
|
straight portion of the Prox. Convoluted tubule, aka thick descending limb of Henle's loop
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what type of epithelium comprises Henle's thin loops?
|
simple squamous
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what is the name for the cells of the distal tubule that contact the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles? What are their general characterisitics?
|
macula densa; thin, tall cuboidal cells w/ nuclei very close to one another
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what forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells
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where are the juxtaglomerular cells?
|
in the efferent and afferent arterioles
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how many convoluted tubules join the collecting duct?
|
several
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what is the epithelia of the collecting duct?
|
simple cuboidal
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what drains the collecting ducts?
|
papillary ducts
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what's the path from distal convoluted tubule to the pelvis of the ureter
|
distal convoluted tubule-->collecting duct-->papillary duct-->minor calyx-->major calyx-->pelvis of ureter
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where does transitional epithelium start in the urinary system?
|
minor calyx
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what parts of the urinary system contain transitional epithelium?
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minor calyx, ureter, bladder, urethra
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what % of blood volume do kidneys receive per minute?
|
20%
|
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what does the presence of heparan sulfate in the renal system accomplish?
|
impedes the passage of large and negatively charged proteins
|
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what does the type IV collagen of the lamina densa do in the urinary system?
|
acts as molecular sieve
|
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what is the purpose of the mesangial cells?
|
cells in the lamina densa: filtration, structural support, and phagocytosis
|
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what are mesangial cells derived from?
|
unusual, they are from smooth muscle
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is the osmolarity changed in the proximal tubule
|
no, because sodium is transported but water follows it, consequently it's isotonic
|
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what is the descending loop of Henle permeable to?
|
water and salts
|
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what is the ascending loop of Henle permeable to?
|
just salts, this allows the interstitium to become hypertonic
|
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does the distal convoluted tubule contain aldosterone receptors?
|
yes
|
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what do the macula densa cells monitor?
|
osmolarity and volume
|
|
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what can the macula densa instruct the juxtaglomerular cells to release?
|
renin
|
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what does renin cleave?
|
angiotensinogen
|
|
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what substance determines the osmotic concentration gradient of the inner medulla
|
urea
|
|
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what part of the body releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
|
posterior pituitary
|
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ADH causes what?
|
collecting duct to become permeable to water
|
|
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what are medullary rays and what do they contain? [4]
|
continuations of the medulla going into the cortex;
pars recta of proximal tubules, collecting ducts, ascending thick limbs of Henle, blood vessels |
|
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what type of lumen does the ureter possess? what type of epithelium does it have?
|
stellate shaped;
transitional epithelium |
|
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does the bladder have a stellate lumen?
|
no, although it does have folds
|
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what are the large vessels called at the corticomedullary junction?
|
arcuate vessels
|
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what are the vessels called in the cortical area?
|
interlobular vessels
|
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|
which is more numerous around a renal corpuscle, proximal or distal convoluted tubules?
|
proximal b/c it is much longer than the distal convoluted tubule
|
|
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what is the vascular pole (in renal terms)
|
where the afferent and efferent arterioles + glomerulus are together
|
|
|
what is the capsule of the ovary called?
|
tunica albuginea
|
|
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what kind of epithelium covers the ovarian tunica albuguinea?
|
simple squamous to cuboidal mesothelium aka germinal epithelium
|
|
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what are the two regions of the ovary?
|
cortex and medulla
|
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where are the oogonia?
|
cortex of the ovary
|
|
|
what comprises an ovarian follicle?
|
oocyte+layer of epithelial cells
|
|
|
what are the four phases of a follicle?
|
primordial, primary, secondary, Graafian(mature)
|
|
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what does a primordial follicle contain?
|
primary oocyte + single layer of flattened cells
|
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what does a primary follicle contain?
|
primary oocyte + single/multi layer of cuboidal cells
|
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what does a secondary follicle contain?
|
primary oocyte + multi layer of cuboidal cells + follicular fluid + zona pellucida + basal membrane + theca interna + theca externa
|
|
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what does a Graafian follicle contain?
|
primary oocyte with corona radiata + multi layer of cuboidal cells + follicular fluid now called the central antrum with a wall called the membrana granulosa + zona pellucida + basal membrane + theca interna + theca externa + cumulus oophorus jutting into the antrum
|
|
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why does the Graafian follicle rupture?
|
activity of the luteinizing hormone
|
|
|
what happens to the Graafian follicle after it ruptures?
|
Graafian -->corpus hemorrhagicum -->corpus luteum
|
|
|
what does the corpus luteum produce?
|
estrogens and progesterone
|
|
|
what does the corpus luteum become after it degenerates?
|
corpus albicans
|
|
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what are the four regions of the oviduct?
|
infundibulum (approximate ovary)
ampulla isthmus intramural portion (pierces uterus) |
|
|
what are the three divisions of the uterus?
|
fundus
body cervix |
|
|
what are the two components of the uterus?
|
myometrium (serosa+adventitia)
endometrium (spongy mucosal layer) |
|
|
What are three stages of the endometrium?
|
Follicular (proliferative) phase
Luteal (secretory) phase Menstrual phase |
|
|
Is there any comingling of blood between fetus and mother?
|
no
|
|
|
what are the three layers of the vaginal wall?
|
outer fibrous
middle muscular inner mucosal |
|
|
what is the epithelial lining of the vagina?
|
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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what is the other name for the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands?
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vulva
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when do male and female mammary glands change?
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at female puberty
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what drains each mammary lobe?
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lactiferous duct
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what causes the release of FSH and LH
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Gonadatropin releasing hormone
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Where does the FSH and LH release from?
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anterior pituitary
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what does FSH do?
[4] |
induces secondary follicles to mature into Graafian follicles;
causes cells of the theca intern to secrete androgens prompts granulosa cells to develop LH receptors; convert androgens to estrogens; secrete inhibin, activin, and folliculostatin |
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What happens once estrogen reaches threshold level?
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causes positive feedback on LH release
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what does LH cause the development of?
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corpus luteum
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what does the corpus luteum secrete?
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progesterone
estrogen relaxin (pubic symphasis is more pliable) |
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what does progesterone negatively inhibit?
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LH by suppressing GnRH
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what does progesterone promote?
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thickening of the endometrium
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what happens to corpus luteum if there is no pregancy?
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it atrophies
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what happens if pregancy does occur: what secretes what?
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syncytiotrophoblasts of the forming placenta secrete hCG
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what all do these syncytiotrophoblasts secrete?
[6] |
hCG
human chorionic mammotropin thyrotropin corticotropin relaxin estrogen |
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what vessels serve the basal layer of the endometrium?
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straight arteries
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what serves the functional layer of the endometrium?
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helicine (coiled) arteries
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What facilitates:
1)follicular phase 2)secretory phase |
1)FSH
2)LH |
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what really causes the menstrual phase?
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absence of LH and progesterone
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what is the pathophysiology of menstruation?
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begins with vasoconstriction of the helicine arteries
vessel walls undergo necrosis |
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is basal layer affected by menstruation?
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No, because it is supplied by the straight arteries
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what happens during pregnancy to the myometrium?
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it hypertrophies
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what functional ability do the myometrium acquire during pregnancy?
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gap junctions that permit contractile actions
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what causes the rhythmic contractions that expel the fetus?
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oxytocin and prostaglandins
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what is the precursor of the secretory alveoli?
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terminal interalveolar ducts
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what promotes the differentiation of the terminal interalveolar ducts to the secretory alveoli?
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estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic mammotropin, prolactin
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what causes the milk ejection?
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contraction of myoepithelial cells as a result of oxytocin release (from posterior pituitary in response to suckling)
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What is milk called that is secreted in the first few days of life?
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colostrum
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what does colostrum contain?
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vitamins
minerals lymphoid cells proteins Ig A |
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where are the peg cells?
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in the epithelia of the oviduct
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what type of epithelia does the uterus contain?
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simple columnar
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what happens to the uterine glands from follicular-->luteal phase
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become tortuous
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what is the decidua basalis?
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maternally derived endometrial layer that contains glycogen rich decidual cells
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what opens up into the labyrinth like intervillous spaces of the placenta area?
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coiled arteries and straight veins
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what part of the chorionic sac extends into the intervillous space of the decidua basalis?
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chorionic villi
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what cells cover the chorionic villi?
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trophoblast cells
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what are the two layers of the trophoblast cells?
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cytotrophoblasts
syncytiotrophoblasts |
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of the two trophoblast layers, which remain after the 1st half of pregnancy?
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syncytiotrophoblasts
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what distinguishes mammary gland from thyroid gland?
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ducts and myoepithelial cells
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what arises from the lactiferous sinuses?
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lactiferous ducts
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what type of glands does the nipple contain?
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sebaceous glands
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what do the thecal and granulosa lutein cells secrete?
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theca lutein:unknown
granulosa lutein: estrogen+ |
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which nuclei are closer together: thecal lutein or granulosa lutein?
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granulosa lutein
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where are peg cells found?
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only in the oviduct
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