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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kula
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Malinowski, form of exchange in a ring of islands of red shell necklaces and white shell bracelets, complex many rules ECONOMICALLY IRRATIONAL TRADE of objects without utilitarian value
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Social Person
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Radcliff Brown, person is always acting in the ways that society has taught them to act
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functionalism
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the idea that society is like an organism, full of interrelated parts that function together to serve the needs of the individual
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participant observation
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malinowski
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how did 2 anthropologists define needs differently
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malinowski and RB
individual needs like growth, safety, bodily comfort, reproduction, food... vs social/sentimental needs of society as a whole |
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RB's definition of structure
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all the rituals, customs, and individual beliefs necessary to maintain society
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Nuer
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Evans Pritchard
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Equilibrium
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the idea of diachronic anthropology, everything stays the same when anthropologist leaves
challenged by EP, Leach |
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China: Kachin and Shan
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Leach
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Pakistan
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Barth
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Hausa
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Cohen
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equivalence of siblings
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RB in africa, relationship with mother's brother allowing joking and disrespect.
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how did leach challenge RB's idea of solidarity
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Society doesn't work because people in it want cohesion, they work together for practical reasons. it's all about manipulating your different identity's within a culture to obtain the most power/status
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interconnectedness
"parts of a larger system in flux" |
LEACH
different cultures don't mean different social systems |
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cultural frills
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ways specific people in a specific culture do things to indicate their status
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acephalous state
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EP, Nuer of S. Sudan were a group with no government/laws where the leopard skin chief served only to mediate
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tribe
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EP largest group where problems settled by arbitration and where foreigners problems settled with warfare
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Governing conventions and ordered anarchy
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EP- contrary to hobbes an acephalous state can be ordered anarchy- without gov but having a constant form and cohesion, partially upheld by traditions/governing customs
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conflict has a place in society
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EP- fission fusion- held together by relativity and opposition of parts
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agnates/segmentary lineage
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EP- Nuer, seglin-set of agnates (related thru the male line)
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Pakistan- hate of cousin
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Barth- competition for women and better allocation of land that is made unequal not by distribution but by environmental conditions
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tarbor
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Barth- the patrilateral parallel coalitions made between cousins
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malin and RB feeling about how culture is defined
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Malin- by the people and their needs, RB- it is outside of the people and defines them
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problem with boas
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-shuts out biological factors
-doesn't leave room to change, stress of dominant idea with historical particulars -british social anthro addresses change due to power and privilege (Hausa, Cohen) -no comparisons made |
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people play out their roles given opportunities outline by society
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BARTH, cousin situation
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Detribalization/Retribalization
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Modernization (Redfield)
/reinforcing tribal culture |
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hausa trading system explain
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trade of cattle and nuts, both perishable based on credit completely, hausa not major producers or consumers
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problems hausa encounter and reaction to problems
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government says they are all nigerians and when hausa distinguish selves as Muslim the Yoruba become muslim. Become even more religious thru Tujaniyya to reinstate culture
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informal interest group
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ie Hausa (Cohen)
group that's organized based on idiom of custom (state cannot supress) in order to maintain political interests/create informal political org |
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social anthropology
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branch of political science studying how customs influence power relations in contemporary society
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Cultural evolution
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White, culture evolves through increased productivity or efficiency or both
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key words for white
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Energy, cultural law, mathematical language, shelter/defense/food
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steam engine
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WHITE-what shot us into the modern era
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white inspired by who? bad?
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Morgan and tyler, was a socialist. accused of being racist because he believed in unilinear evolution and that cultures could regress. saved self by saying that the energy harnessed by man is a constant, it increases as technology is improved upon or replaced by better technology
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British anthropology
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how are societies held together, not american reactions to Boas
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student of steward and white and what said about them
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service, white is general evolution and steward is specific
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what reason does service give for increase complexities in society over time?
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things that are passed on must have an adaptive feature
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BAND
TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE |
pat band, simple society
nuer, life more predicable, domestication C-denser pop, centers controlling econ, religious, and social activities, redistributive systems S- government and army |
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composite band
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talked about my steward and service- band of unrelated people created after contact with civilization (used to be all related)
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Mazeway
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Wallace-an individuals entire perception of society, self, and all his experiences...contrary to benedict, doesn't have to match culture
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what's new about Wallace
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wrote about how an individual can make a difference in society
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stages from steady state back again
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Wallace
steady state period of individual stress period of cultural distortion reviltilization new steady state |
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revitilization stages
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1. dream/hallucination
2. communication to public 3. organize, gather following 4. adapt to opposition 5. cultural transformation 6. routinization |
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metacognition
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Wallace, in order to change mazeway individual must know that society/system exists, think about it
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stress
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wallace, caused when mazeway isn't congruent with culture, and increases during period of cultural distortion
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Cultural Materialism
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material conditions of life have the primary influence on cultural change
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etic vs. emic
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etic- outsider's analytic unbiased frame of reference of what is really going on
emic- what they think they are doing (insiders) |
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Infrastructure
structure superstructure |
etic behavioral modes of reproductions and production
s-etic behavioral domestic and political economy S- secondary things like theology, art, science, |
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Etic behavioral mode of reproduction
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practices and technology used to control population size
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Etic behavioral mode of production
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practices and technology used to control subsistence production
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infrastructural determinism
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infrastructure determines cultures structure and superstructure
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etic behavioral domestic and political economy
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organization of reproduction and basic production at home and in the political realm
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Harris' critiques of Boas, RB, Murdock
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Boas- idealists, emic only
RB-idealist, structure not about solidarity (emic) but etic, RB leaves no room for change due to political conflict Murdock- categories don't have any distinction between emic and etic |
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techno-environmental determinism
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technology and way we manipulate environment determines infrastructure of society and culture
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Harris's marxist explanation of techno-environmental determinism
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similar technologies lead to similar labor arrangements leads to similar social groupings and that leads to similar activities, beliefs, values
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point of harris' introduction
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anthropology is no longer the science of history, we must define laws of human behavior
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wolf interest in capitalism
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as a mode of production (controls means of production and is committed to progress) and how it interacts with other modes of production
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wolf student of
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leach and redfield, interested in interconnectedness of societies and how history defines structure
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how is wolf different from harris
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defines mode of production more broadly, includes harris's infratstructure and structure
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spanish
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wolf
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labor is social
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marx, wolf, labor involves agreement and a social arrangement
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intermediate power holders
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marginal groups that act as intermediary between communities and the nation (nation oriented groups)
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difference between old and young malinowski
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wundt concept of solidarity to older, solidarity is not the reason to do things, do things out of necessity
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cultural brokers
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social force emrges from scattered individuals with similar interests to lead move against spain, representing wide system
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encomienda-
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recipient recieves rights to some Indian services but not permitted to organize own labor force
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hacienda
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wolf, system after spanish crown came down after encomienda where there was greater autonomy, direct land ownership by manager-owner who could directly control the labor force
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cultural broker/ economic and political broker
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individual who operates based on expectations of both community and nation
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wolf's concept of labor
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presupposes intentionality and therefore information and meaning (both social)
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wolf's mode of producation
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social relations thru which labor is deployed to harness energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization...
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wolf's belief about societies we've encountered
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they are all secondary, tertiary, or even farther from original state
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"cultural change or cultural evolution does not operate on isolated societies but always on interconnected systems in which societies are variously linked within wider social fields."
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wolf
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steward's preoccupation
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cause and effect
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cultural ecology
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culture is determined thru the way technology and behavior is used to exploit the environment
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causal features
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diagnostic features necessary to define the cultural type, for the patrilineal band they are: less than 1 person per square mile, exogamy, subsistence mainly game that is nonmigratory and scattered, small groups of 50-100
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secondary features
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nondiagnositic features that vary, based on cultural particulars
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cultural core
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features most closely related to subsistence and economics
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cultural type
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collection of core features which arise from environmental adaptation and which represent similar levels of integration,
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levels of sociocultural integration
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levels of societal complexity bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states
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structural functionalism
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societies function is to maintain social structure and solidarity
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multilinear evolution
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not unilineal, multiple paths of cultural evolution that arise independently of one another and none are considered better than others
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how does steward criticize white
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white ignores human and environmental factors
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