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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aspiration |
Mechanical obstruction is most common in small children when FOREIGN OBEJECTS are swallowed or aspirated into the air passages of the bronchial tree. In adults t may occur with food particles, creating coughing & gagging |
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Atelecatasis |
Condition rather than a disease, i which collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs a sthe result of obstction of the bronchus or puncture or blowout of an air passagewat. With less air in the lung than normal, this region appears mor radiodense, and this may cause the trachea and hear tot shift tot he affected side |
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Bronchiectasis |
Is an irreversible dialtion of widening of bronchi or bronchioles hta tmay result from repeated pulmonary infection or obsruction. AReas of bronchial walls are destroyed & become chronically inflamed, resulting in increased production of mucus & causing chronic cought & expectoraion (coughing up sputum) Pus can collect in dilated regions, resulting in an increase in regioanl radiodensity w/ less air in these regions (most common in the lower lobes) |
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Bronchitis |
Is an acute (short term) or chronic (long term) condition in which excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi causing cough & shortness if breath. the chief cause is cigarette smoking. Infectious bronchitis is caused by viruses or bacteria, Bronchitis generally involves lower lobes & is severe cases is demonstrated on radiographs by hyper-inflation & more dominant lung markings |
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Digital Imaging Considerations |
Collimation, Accurate centering, exposure factors, post-processing evaluation of exposure indicator |
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Helical CT |
Provides faster scanning, which is especially advantageous in the thoracic region |
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Sonography (Ultrasound) |
May be used to detect PLEURAL EFFUSION (fluid within pleural space) or for guidance when a needle is inserted to aspirate the fluid (Thoracentesis) |
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Echocardiogram |
An ultrasound examination in which sound waves are used to create an image of the heart (this is not the same an ECG, which is a completely different type of examination that assesses the electrical activity of the heart) |
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SPECT (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography) |
Heart can be evaluated specially for myocardial infarction |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
Form of persistent obstructio of the airways taht usualy causes difficulty in emptying the lungs of air |
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Cystic Fibrosis |
Most common of inherited dseases is a condition in which secretions of heavy mucus cuase progressive "clogging" of bronchi & bronchioles; On radiographs will show increased radiodensities in specific lung regions, alog with hyperinflation |
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Dyspnea |
Condition of shortness of breath, which creates a sensation of difficulty in breathing. Most common in older people; |
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Emphysema |
An irreversible & chronic lung disease in which air spaces in the alveoli become greatly enlarged as a result of alveolar wall destruction & loss of alveolar elasticity |
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Epiglottitis |
Most common in children ages 2 -5; Life threatening condition which can develop very rapidly |
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Neoplasm |
Refers to a new growth or tumor; May be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (canceous) |
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Hemartoma |
Benign; Most common benign pulmonary mass, and it generally is found in peripheral regions of the lungs. These are seen on chest radiographs as small radiodense masses w/ sharp outlines |
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Pulmonary Metastases |
Cancers that start elsewhere in body before spreading to lungs as THIS |
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Pleural Effusion |
Condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity; Includes EMPYEMA, HEMOTHROAX, PLEURISY; Any type of THIS is demonstrated by FLUID LEVELS on horizontal beam chest radiographs. Small amounts are best shown by lateral decubitus position w/ affected side down or w/ ERECT POSITIONING |
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Empyema |
Pleural Effusion > Occurs when the fluid is pus; caused by chest wounds, obstruction of bronchi, or ruptured lung abscess. May develop when pneumonia or lung abscess spreads into the pleural space |
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Hemothorax |
Pleural Effusion > Occurs when fluid is blood; Common cause of right-sided or bilateral pleural effusion is congestive heart failure. Causes of left-sided effusion include trauma, pulmonary infarct, pancreatitis, & subphrenic abscess |
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Pleurisy |
Characterized by inflammation (usually caused by a virus or bacterium) of the pleura surrounding the lung. Cause is visceral & parietal pleura "rubbing" during respiration, which results in severe pain; Frequently follows pneumonia or trauma to the chest. Pleurisy may be demonstrated radiographically by associated plerual effusion. Condition called "dry pleurisy" does not include fluid acucmulation & generally is not visible on radiographs |
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Pneumonia |
Inflammation of the lungs that results in ACCUMULATION OF FLUID within certain sections of the lungs, creating increased radiodensities in these regions. Common initial diagnostic exam are PA & Lateral Erect Horizontal Beam radiographs
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Aspiration Pneumonia |
Caused by aspiration of a foreign object or food into lungs, which irritates the bronchi resulting in edema |
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Bronchopneumonia |
Bronchitis of both lungs that most commonly is caused by streptococcus or staphyloccus bacteria |
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Viral (Interstitial) Pneumonia |
Causes inflammation of the alveoli & connecting lung strucutre,s it most commonly is evident as increased radiodensities in the region surrounding the hila. |
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Pneumothorax |
Is an accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the lung & results in immediate & severe shortness of breath & lung & chest pain; May be caused by trauma or a pathologic-condition that causes spontaneous rupture of a weakened area of lung; Affected lung seen as displaced away from chest wall; No lung markings; Should be taken erect; Horizontal beam lateral decubitus position w/ affected side UP should be taken (not down as w/ pleural effusion) |
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Pulmonary Edema |
Condition of excess fluid within the lung that most frequently is caused by a backup in pulmonary circulation commonly associated w/ congestive heart failure |
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) |
Commonly called Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) in infants & adult respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) is an emergent condition in whicht eh alveoli & capillaries of lung are injured or infected, resulting in leakage of fluid & blood into the spaces between alveoli or inot the alveoi themselves w/ formation of hyaline membranes |
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Tuberculosis |
Contagious disease (potentially fatal) that is caused by airborne bacteria |
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Primary Tuberculosis |
Refers to TB that occurs in people who have never had the disease before. Hilar enlargement, along w. enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, i an important indicator of primary TB. Small focal spot lesions may be fond anywhere in the lungs, and unilateral pleural effusion is common, especially in adults |
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Reactivation (Secondary) Tuberculosis |
Usually develops in adults & generally is 1st evident on radiography bilaterally in upper lobes as irregular calcifications that are mottled in appearence |
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AP Lordotic Projections |
Frequently requested for visualization of calcifications & cavitations of the apices & upper lobes |
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Anthracosis |
Black lung pneumoconiosis is caused by deposits of coal dust; Seen on chest radiographs as small opaque spots or conglomerate masses |
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Abestosis |
Caused by inhalation of abestos dust (fibers) that result in pulmonary fibrosis. May develop into lung cancer, esp. in smokers |
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Silicosis |
Permanent condition of lungs that is caused by inhalation of silica (quartz) dust, a form of sand dust |
