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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Shell-skinned"
First vertebrates |
Ostracoderm
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"Spiny sharks"
First bony endoskeleton |
Acanthodii
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"Plate skinned"
Bony internal skeleton Heavily armored Benthic feeder |
Placodermi
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cartilaginous fishes
placoid scales replaceable teeth |
Chondrichthyse
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"Lobed-finned fishes"
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Sarcopterygii
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Sarcopterygii
Ceolacanth cosmoid scales |
Ceolacanthamorpha
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Sarcopterygii
lungfishes |
Dipnotetrapedomorpha
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"Ray-finned fishes"
Most extant species |
Actinopterygii
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Actinopterygii
birchers dorsal finlets |
Cladista
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Diphycercal, 3-lobed caudal fin
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Coelacanthamorpha
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"Original ray"
, paddlefish |
Chondrostei
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"New-fin fishes"
Lepisosteriformes Amiiformes |
Neopterygians
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Advanced Actinopterygians
Represent 1/2 all vertebrate species |
Teleostei
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Bony tongues
Electric fishes |
Osteoglossimorpha
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Tarpons,
Eels |
Elopomorpha
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Herrings, Anchovies, Ostariophysi
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Ostarioclupeomorpha
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Euteleosts
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Euteleostei
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Unifying characteristic of Elopomorpha
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Leptocephalous Larvae: leaf-like with head
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Bony plate or ural vertebrae where caudal fin is inserted. Used to take the standard length (SL).
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urostyle
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Depressurizes blood to make stream more steady to the gills.
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bulbus arteriosus
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blood flows in opposite direction to keep warm and put more oxygen in blood... gill ventilation
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countercurrent
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connected to the gas bladder; picks up sound waves, translated to inner ear
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Weberian apparatus
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detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water and pressure changes. sometimes modified into electroreceptors
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lateral line system
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detect electrical impulses
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electroreceptors
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balance; located next to gills dorsally
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inner ear
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can age a fish with these using growth rings; found in inner ear
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otoliths
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oceanic zone up to 200 m deep, ends with the Continental Shelf
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Epipelagic
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main primary producer in lotic systems
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periphyton
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main primary producer in lentic systems
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macrophytes
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fish gills: 2 aspects sharks have that teleosts don't
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spiracle
gill slits |
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fish gills: 2 aspects teleosts have that sharks don't
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operculum
gill opening |
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locomotion: produce as few vortices as possible
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turbulent flow
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locomotion: efficient flow lines
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laminar flow
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locomotion: trunk + caudal; wave-like motion
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undulation
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locomotion: caudal + caudal pedunkle; back and forth motion
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oscillation
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material from outside the river
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allochotonous material
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water system in which light is limiting due to sediment
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lotic systems
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Amniotes: one hole upper portion; mammals
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Synapsida
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Amniotes: two holes, reptiles (excluding turtles)
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Diapsida
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Amniotes: no holes; turtles
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Anapsida
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Amniotes: one hole lower portion; placoderms & extinct sea creatures
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Euryapsida
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Osmoregulation: hagfish; stable environment
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osmoconformer
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Osmoregulation: marine teleosts; salt concentration lower in body, water lost to environment
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hypoosmotic
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Osmoregulation: freshwater teleosts; more salt in body, water moving into the body
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hyperosmotic regulators
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Osmoregulation: sharks
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Ureosmotic
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Bouyancy:
Pressure increases Fish decreases Volume decreases |
Positive bouyancy
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Bouyancy:
Pressure decreases Fish increases Volume increases |
Negative bouyancy
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Bouyancy: sharks due to cartilage
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Neutral bouyancy
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Bouyancy: teleost with pneumatic duct
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Physostomous
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Bouyancy: teleost without pneumatic duct
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Physoclistous
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Allows air in and out of gas bladder
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Pneumatic duct
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Luciferin + O2 yields oxyluciferin + light
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bioluminescence
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relates to the type of diet a fish has
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trophic guild
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maximize cost-benefit ratio
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optimal foraging
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Feeding mechanisms:
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Suction
Ram Filter feeding |
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due to size of mouth opening, non-expandable gill arches and constrained pectoral area
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gape limitation
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Fish as predators
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search, pursuit, attack & capture, handling
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Fish as prey
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avoid detection, evade pursuit, prevent/deflect attacks, discourage handling/capture
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ratio of gonad weight to body mass
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reproductive effort
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number of offspring that survive to next generation
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reproduction success
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relates to the number of eggs a female produces
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fecundity
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relates to the number of viable offspring a female produces
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fertility
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spawning several times during a lifetime
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iteroparous
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spawning once during a lifetime
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semelparous
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gender fixed, determined early
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gonochoristic
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gender not fixed (general)
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hermaphrodite
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ability to produce eggs or sperm at the same time
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simultaneous hermaphrodite
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changing from male to female or female to male during a lifetime
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sequential hermaphrodite
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changing from male to female
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protanderous
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changing from female to male
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protogynous
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parental care: few with high quality, many with low quality
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trade-off resource allocation
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once larvae hatch parents provide some type of food: trophic eggs, invertebrates or epidermal secretions
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trophic provisioning
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males steal eggs (eg. stickleback)
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allopaternal care
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males steal nest, spawn and leave
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brood piracy
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males that look like females
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satellite males
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small males
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sneaker males
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What is an important ecological function in the larval stage of the development of eels?
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dispersal
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name for the switch from yolk to food resources during the larval stage... when most larvae starve
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critical period
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name for point in which larvae starve so much that their bodily organs are damaged so that they cannot recover
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point of no return
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reproduction must be synchronized with oceanic production otherwise high larval mortality
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match-mismatch hypothesis
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what type of survivorship curve is found in fishes?
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type III
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what happens with growth in fish species regarding their natural ecologies?
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ontogenetic niche shift
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spatial patterns of animal biodiversity
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zoogeography
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3 fundamental processes shaping biodiversity
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evolution, extinction, migration/dispersal
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5 threats to fish species
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1. introduced species
2. habitat loss/alteration 3. pollution 4. overfishing 5. taxonomic uncertainty |
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6 Zoogeographic Regions
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1. Nearctic
2. Neotropical 3. Palearctic 4. Oriental 5. Ethiopian 6. Australian |
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2 states with highest number of introduced fish species
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California, Florida
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