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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemotroph
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organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments (organic molecules)
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phototroph
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carry out photosynthesis to acquire energy
convert carbon dioxide and water to organic material to be used in cellular functions suc has biosynthesis and respiration |
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autotrophic
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organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light or chemosynthesis
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heterotrophic
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organism that uses an inorganic substrate to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration
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organotroph
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organism that gets energy from organic compounds
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aerobic
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organism that can survive and grow in oxygenated environment
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facultative anaerobe
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organism that can use oxygen but also has anaerobic methods of energy production
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facultative anaerobe
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organism that can use oxygen but also has anaerobic methods of energy production
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anaerobe
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organism that doesn't require oxygen for growth. If oxygen is present it may act negatively and die
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Describe the cellular organization of a bacterium
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unicellular
smaller than eukaryotes posses a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan/murein/mucopeptide |
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what is the cell wall of a bacterium composed of
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peptidoglycan
murein mucopeptide |
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how do the vast majority of bacteria divide?
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transverse binary fission
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are bacteria haploid of diploid?
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haploid
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describe transverse binary fission
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Binary fission, or prokaryotic fission, is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes, some protozoa, and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms. This process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell by division into two parts that each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.
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who was Anthony Leeuwenhoek?
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a Dutch merchant to whom we credit the discovery of the microbial world
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describe the two school of thought that were on microorganisms
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1. microbes are products of seeds or germs of animalcules present in the air.
2. microbes spontaneously form from nonliving material (spontaneous generation) |
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who was the first to provide strong evidence that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously from organic infusions when sterilized by boiling?
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
1767 |
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what did Pasteur do for microbiology?
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disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation in a scientific manner in 1861 when he showed conclusively that all fermentative and putrefactive processes are results of microbial activity
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who proved that microbes are the cause of spoilage because of physiological consequence of their growth and not the result of spoilage?
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Louis Pasteur
1861 |
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with the advent of anesthesia what occurred in the surgical world?
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brought on rapid development of surgical techniques
surgical sepsis increased dramatically with increased duration of surgical procedures |
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who published that handwashing in chlorinated lime solutions between pelvic exams could decreased the puerperal fever mortality in obstetric wards
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Ignaz Semmelweis
1861 |
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who published a paper in 1884 demonstrating that sterilizing surgical instruments, using disinfectant dressing, and performing surgery under a mist of carbolic acid would greatly reduce the incidence of surgical sepsis
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Joseph Lister
1884 |
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Who conclusively demonstrated the etiology (bacterial causation) of anthrax? What did this prove?
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Robert Koch
1876 -this was the first unequivocal proof that a living microorganism caused disease in an animal |
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who also independently confirmed that microbes cause disease in animals?
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Pasteur and Joubert
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what years were considered the "Golden Age of medical microbiology"?
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1876-1905
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True or False
within 25 years of Koch's proof, almost all the major bacterial agents of disease in man had been discovered, characterized, and methods of either hygienic or immunological prophylaxis developed. |
True
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when did therapeutic approaches to microbes become available?
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when the discover of sulfa drugs and penicillin happened
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how are bacteria classified ?
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1. cell ultrastructure
2. cell morphology 3. observable physiological parameters and molecular genetics 4. Growth characteristics 5. Etiology if pathogenic |
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what are the most important parameters for identifying bacteria.
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cell size, shape, and grouping
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what are the possible shapes of a bacteria?
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1. coccus - spherical shape
2. bacillus - cylindrical shape 3. coccobacillus- ovoid rod 4. vibrio-bent rod 5. fusiform-ellipitcal rod 6. spirillum-rigid helical rod 7. sprochete-flexible helical rod 8. filamentous- rod 9. pleomorphic-variable |
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describe the different groupings of bacteria
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1. micrococci- single
2. diplococci- pairs 3. streptococci-chains 4. staphylococci- grape like clusters 5. tetrads- packets of four 6. sarcina- cubical packets of eight |
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describe possible groupings of bacilli
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single rods
diplobacilli-pairs streptobacilli-chains |
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what are some typical ultrastructures found on bacteria
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endospores, capsulation, flagella, cytoplasmic inclusions
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