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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accomodation |
- Adjust to noxious stimulus |
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Aerobic Capacity
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- The maximal amount of physiological work that an individual can do as measured by oxygen consumption. It is determined by a combination of aging and cardiovascular conditioning and is associated with the efficiency of oxygen extraction from the tissue |
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Aging
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-Passage of time -Everything ages but not everything senesces Gerontology: senescent-associated problems of aging Geriatrics: medical field of caring for elders
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Alkaptonuria
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- Defect in homogenetisate 1,2 - dioxygenase -Homogenetisic acid builds up -"Black pee diease" |
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Albinism
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- All human populations and most human species Human AB has three different loci 1. Tyrosinase - negative a. tyr not connected to melanin 2.Tyrosinase - positive a. Tyr converted to melanin 3. Ocular albinism c. Pink eyes only Hopi Indians - sexual selection Albanism culturally valued phenotype All offspring heterozygotes |
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Acclimatization |
-Somatic response to stressors -Short and long term |
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Short Term Acclimatization
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- Raised RBCs and hematocrit |
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Long Term Acclimatization
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- Increase RBCs |
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Allen's Rule
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- Animals from colder climates usually have shorter limbs (or appendages) than the equivalent animals from warmer climates |
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Allostasis
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- Stress responses triggered to maintain homeostasis |
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Allostatic Load |
- Physiological dysregulation secondary to constant physiological responses to stressors |
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Allosteric Site |
-The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate (a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts) may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active. |
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Anabolic |
-Powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in respiration. -Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. These processes produce growth and differentiation of cells and increase in body size, a process that involves synthesis of complex molecules |
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Amylases
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-Multiple isoenzymes in humans -General funtion enzymes -Most mutations likely neutral INCOMPLETE NOTES: EXAM 2 |
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AIMs |
-Ancestry Informative Marker -area of origin can be identified -Choose variable DNA sequences to OPTIMIZE ancestral differences between Africa, Europe, Asia, Americas |
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Ancestory Informative Markers
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-AIMS -area of origin can be identified |
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Atkins Diet
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- Restrict CHOs : sugar, grains, fruits |
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Barrel-chest
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- High altitude adaptation |
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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- The body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
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Bergmann's Rule
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- Body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature |
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Body Habitus
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- Modern settings |
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Body Proportions
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- In hot areas: thin with long limbs - In cold areas: short and stocky follows - Bergmann and Allen's rules |
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Catabolic |
- the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down (large) molecules into smaller units to release energy. |
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Cardiovascular Activity
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- Delivers more blood/heat to extremities |
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Coenzyme |
- oenzymes are organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis. They bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in catalysis but are not considered substrates of the reaction. |
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Competition for Scarce Resources
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Conduction
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- Form of heat transfer where heat energy is directly transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact |
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Convection |
-transmission of energy or mass by a medium involving movement of the medium itself. The circulatory movement that occurs in a fluid at a nonuniform temperature owing to the variation of its density and the action of gravity. |
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Cretinism |
-Congenital (present from birth) thyroid deficiency -Stunted growth -Deficient bone mineralization -Mental deficiencies -No concersion of tyrosine -> thyroxine -Non genetic encironmental goiter - endemic to Highland New Guinea -Low iodine soils and foods -Thyroid enlarges -> attempt to increase thyroxin |
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Cystinuria |
-Recall cystine = aa with sulfur side group -Inadequate reabsorption after kidney filteration -Cystine -> excessively concentrated -bonds with itself - other aa do not crystallize - precipitates as crystals |
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Demographic Transition
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- High mortality of all ages, high birth rates |
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Developmental Acclimatization |
- Changes in organ or body structure that occur during the physical growth of any organism |
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Traditional Diets |
-Most traditional subsistence systems -> balanced diets -Central America: corn, beans, peppers, squash, fish -South America - yucca, plantains, camelids (llamas) and guinea pigs -Corn diet: low niacin (b3), chelatesiron -Pellaga - dietary iron deficiency disease - niacin found in peppers which helps to prevent |
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Ecological Fallacy
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- An error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual-level processes are drawn from group-level data |
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Epidemiological Transition
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- Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
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What are disease periods?
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Human cultural developments and disease periods Hunting and gathering – worms/bacterial Slash and burn agriculture – parasitic Agriculture – dietary deficiencies Irrigated cities – infectious viruses/water-borne disease Industrial cities – human-made / pollution and wastes |
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Enzymes
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-Two major types: 1. Anabolic 2. Catabolic |
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Evaporation
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- Liquid to gas |
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Evaporative Cooling
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- Sweating to cool down |
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Evolutionary Stable Strategy
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- also called Game Theory - a strategy that, if established cannot be invaded by a rare mutant using an alternative stretegy |
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Fertility
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- People are born = births - The potential for reproduction exhibited in a population |
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Fenner's Disease Stages |
-Fenner: cultural change and population size determines risks for infection -Threshold population needed to maintain infectious diseases Hunting and gathering – worms/bacterial Slash and burn agriculture – parasitic Agriculture – dietary deficiencies Irrigated cities – infectious viruses/water-borne disease Industrial cities – human-made / pollution and wastes
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Filariasis |
- South Pacific mosquito-borne |
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Folate
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-Folic acid or folate is a B vitamin -Vitamin B9 Folate – gray hair, cardiovascular disease, spina bifida -Vitamin B9/Folate – Spina bifida – leafy vegies Folic acid – synthetic folate |
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Generation
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- All of the people born and living at about the same time - Difference of time from women's birth until the time of birth her middle daughter |
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Genetic Adaptation
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- Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions |
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Geographic Ancestry
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-Evolution leaves signature on DNA -Private/Family alleles - Hapsburg Lip -Local alleles - apo A1-Milano Ancestral alleles - common across populations - older Derived alleles - low frequency, localized - newer |
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Geometric Growth |
- Growth that follows a geometric pattern of increase - Population growth predicted by Thomas Malthus |
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Geriatrics
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- Medical field that deals with caring for elders |
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Gerontology |
- Senescent-associated problems of aging - Study of the aging process |
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Goiter
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-an abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland -Most commonly as a result of not enough Iodine -Cretinism |
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Goose Bumps
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- Contracting erector pili, muscles of hair follicles - |
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Gout |
-Purine generator constantly on - No response to feedback inhibition -Coenzyme defect -Makes excess purines -Which are metabolized to uric acid -Purines include adenine and guanine -Uric acid crystals accumulate -Inflammation -Metabolic arthritis -Crystal deposits increase in size -Exude chalky whit material -Kidney stones -First disease of excess identified |
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HIV, Ebola
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- Both emerged in the hot, wet tropics - HIV: a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system - Ebola: a contagious viral disease originating in Africa. transmitted by blood and bodily fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death |
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High Altitude Adaptations
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- Barrel-shaped chest |
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Homeostasis
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- Dynamic equilibrium of a soma - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state - The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose around a particular level |
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Hydromeosis
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- Back pressure on sweat glands |
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Hypoxia, Responses to
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- Increased breathing rate - Barrel chest - Increased RBC count - Hyperventilating - Reduced hypoxic ventilatory response with preserved blood oxygenation in yoga trainees |
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Infectious Worms
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- Survive within host without symptoms - Dormant cysts encapsulated in muscle decades - Oral/Fecal exposure, skin/soles of feet - Mosquitos/insects, infected foods, worms in human corpolites - Cyclical transmission pigs to humans to pigs to humans and back to pigs in some cultures - Parasitic worms are found all over the world |
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism
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- • Most IEM ( inborn error of metabolism) enzymes are highly substrate specific • Two major characteristics ◦ Anabolic: build things up ◦ Catabolic: break things down • IEMs: ◦ Missing or defective enzyme ▸ Cannot process the substrate • Ex PKU ◦ Loss of degrading pathway ▸ Cannot get rid of the substrate • Ex Tay Sachs sphingolipids ◦ Lack absorption/reabsorption ▸ Build up of substrate/ product • Ex Cystinuria ◦ Co-enzyme defects ▸ Mutation prevents enzyme complex from forming ▸ Multi-subunit enzymes need coenzymes • Vitamins, metals, proteins ▸ Coenzymes attach to aa chain • Binding to allosteric sites alters catalytic site ▸ Allosteric sites- where coenzymes bind and alter catalytic activity of enzyme ◦ Alter your metabolic pathway: Avoid IEMs: • Alternative enzyme or longer pathway • Excrete excess substrate • Detoxify substrate • Alternative source product ◦ Generally are rare ◦ Often lethal before birth ◦ Phenotypic effect may occur several metabolic steps after enzyme defect ◦ Alternative metabolic pathway IEM may not be seen ◦ Mostly recessive traits ◦ Mainly non Mendelian- heterozygotes often intermediate ◦ Usually primary DNA errors ▸ Symptoms may not be directly related to that error ◦ IEM= strong selection against heterozygote parents ▸ Large range of variation |
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Leptin
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- Determines obesity in mice
- Found by positional cloning of gene in mice - Humans participates in disease mechanisms - Determines level of satiety & hunger |
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Lewis Waves
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- Reduce convective heat loss via peripheral dilation and contraction |
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Life Table
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- A table of data summarizing mortality in a population |
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Lymphatic Filariasis
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- Elephantiatis - Vector is mosquitos in much of the tropics |
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Malnutrition |
Inadequate or unbalanced diet Too much or too little of a nutrient Components inadequate - Fe (iron), protein, calories |
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Measels and Population Size |
- Fenner: cultural changeand population size determines risks for infection - Persistence in smaller populations could only be achieved after assuming a spatial structure such that individuals could only have inhabitants of their own subpopulation and with those of a few selected neighboring subpopulations
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Metabolic Diseases
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- First introduced by Camus(1966) Unites several age-related factors into a syndrome: Obesity Insulin resistance Hyperinsulinemia Atherosclerosis Insulin mutations Hyperglycemia Hyperlipidemia Metabolic dysregulation Increased: Leptin- satiety hormone, let's you know that you've had enough to eat TNF-alpha Hypertension Cardiovascular disease Ultimately die from diabetes or myocardial infarction |
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Metabolic Syndrome
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- Unites several age-related factors into a syndrome - A medical condition characterized by a combination of high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, abdominal fat deposits and large waist circumference , and insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes |
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Metabolism |
- Chemical reactions in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life |
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Modern-Day Stressors |
Traffic, smoke, water, air, noise pollution, pace of life -BIGGEST IS OTHER HUMANS
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Mortality
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- A measure of deaths in a given population, location or other grouping of interest |
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Mortality Transitions
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- Infectious disease mortality reduced in the late 19th and 20th century |
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Natural Experiments
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- Ethnological models of human variation |
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Organismal Complexity
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- Increases gene number, but genomes also vary with respect to proportions of noncoding sequences |
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Pellegra |
- Lack of niacin & Vitamin B - Deficiency in niacin - Results in dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia |
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Peripheral Dilation
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- Heat to environment - Reaction to heat, increases blood flow to skin capillaries |
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Phenylketonuria
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-(PKU) - mutated phenylalanine hydrozylase gene - Converts phenylalanine to tyrosine -Defective - phenylpyruvic acid builds up -Simple trait- no -Homozygous recessive - no enzyme activity |
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Phenylpyruvic Acid |
-produced when the normal pathway of phenylalanine catabolism is blocked and excreted in the urine in phenylketonuria. (PKU) |
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Population Pyramids |
-a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing -Three kinds: 1.Triangle 2.Sumo Wrestler 3.Skyscraper distributions |
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r = rate of population increase |
- r = (Births-Deaths)/Population - How fast do population reproduce? |
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Race |
-Socioculturally defined by external phenotypes -What is race? -Demes - local breeding population -Geographical race -> populations occupying continents -Human race -> shows genetically heterogeneous clustering -Skin color - melanin, blood, keratin, bilirubin, uv -Determined by amount of melanin and keratin -#, size, and shape of melanin granules -Activity of melanosomoes/ melanocytes -Melanosomes= organelle that synthesizes/stores melanin -Melanocytes = specialized nerve cells with dendrites |
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Radiation |
- Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves in particles |
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Reflexes
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- A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response |
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Reserve Capacity
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- Organs have excess capacity - backup capacity that helps body systems function to their utmost limits in times of stress |
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Rosella |
- Human herpes viruses 6 & 7 |
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Rubella |
- German measels - Pinpoint rash |
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Salt |
-ECOLOGICAL FALLACY? Sodium – Salt Most maligned nutrient – RDA 2300 mg/d ‘High risk” – 1500 mg/d USA average = 3000-4000 mg/d APHA / Institute of Medicine – Government should regulate Na intakes reduce by 75% WHY? American Journal of Hypertension 2011 “Data are not strong” linking salt to higher blood pressure Research does not support idea that reducing salt will have population-wide benefits Salt and hypertension Stories and babies Europe number starts and birth rates – directly correlated Correlation = 0.62, p=0.008 Reasons: land area, farming areas Sodium intake and high blood pressure Covariance and multivariate analysis Sodium intake not related significantly to blood pressure or to Zur change Salt – dependent high blood pressure only 5-16 healthy individuals |
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Sanitary Reforms |
– help solve/prevent chronic dieases |
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Scarlet Fever
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- Strep throat/rash
- Streptococcus pyogenes |
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Scurvy
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- Caused by low vitamin C levels
- Old time sailors |
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Secular Trends
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- Height increase in humans |
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Senescence
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- A biological process that decreases probability of reproduction & increases your risk of death
- Occurs along side growth, development, reproduction, & patterns of reproductive effort - Occurs after the age of of maximum reproductive potential |
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Shivering
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- Muscle contractions that generate heat - Involuntary body response to temperature differences in the body - Rapid contraction of muscles, requiring energy and therefore creating heat, to warm the body |
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Sitting Height
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-the distance from the vertex of the head to the supporting surface on which a person is sitting erect -MAY BE LINKED TO SOME CANCERS (BREAST) - GOT FROM INTERNET SEARCH, NOT SURE IF NEEDED |
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Spina Bifida
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- A congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through a gap in the backbone - It often causes paralysis of the lower limbs, and sometimes a mental handicap |
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Stressors
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- Anything that disrupts homeostasis
- Things that challenge soma & require a physiological response |
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Stressors at High Altitude
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- Hypoxia: 1/2 partial pressure of oxygen as at sea level
- Cold - Poor nutrition base - High UV radiation (less atmosphere to block it) - Dry environment - Difficult terrain |
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Stressors in Modern World |
-Traffic, smoke, water, air, noise pollution, pace of life |
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Sweat
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- Number one form of human thermoregulation
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Threshold Populations |
- Numbers of definitive and intermediate hosts needed to maintain a population of the pathogen. |
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Tuberculosis |
- Airborne spores survive in the environment
- Remain infectious for long periods - Very young and old are the most susceptible - One infected, one can survive for decades - Larger population is not needed to maintain |
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Tyrosine |
-(Tyr) -Amino acid -Tyrosinosis - build up of tyrosine -Metabolized into... 1. Melanin 2. Thyroxin 3. Epinephrine and norepinephrine -Linked to albanism, cretinism |
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Twisted Fish Sex Scare |
Male fish = female coloring/internal organs/behavior Low sperm counts in men Estrogens and progresterone in drinking water? Data questionable? “Contraceptive in the Rain” “Feminizes the fish. Goes all the way up into the sky then falls all the way back down to me.” |
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Under Nutrition |
Outcome of caloric or protein deficiency or a lack of food or absorption of nutrients |
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Vasoconstriction |
- Decreased blood flow - A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscles in the vessel walls |
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Vitamin D: Kansas |
Kansas is 70% pop Vitamin D deficient 2X risk diabetes +40% risk high blood pressure +30% risk cardiomyopathy (damage to heart) 3X risk death from all causes D supplements decrease risk of death 60% w/o D – rickets, osteomalacia, soft bone Severe back pain, muscle weakness, depression |
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Wormy World
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- Parasites survive within hosts without symptoms
- Dormant cysts encapsulate in muscle decades - Cyclical transmission: pigs-humans - Flukes - Pregnant women/offspring are at risk - Carriers are 7 times more likely to attempt suicide |
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Admixture
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the result of interbreeding between two or more previously isolated populations within a species. |
