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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 types of teacher/child in-school relationship
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openness/acceptance, dependency conflict
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teacher/child relationship: openness/acceptance
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teachers serve as
secure base for exploring peer relationships & buffer occasional rejection |
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teacher/child relationship: dependency
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adult-focus interferes w/ peer
orientation, violates norms of relative independence, implies immaturity |
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teacher/child relationship: conflict
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reflects behaviors that peers also
reject; negative affect may “spill over”; ch may be influenced by teacher’s apparent dislike |
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selection
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Pre-existing attributes of children predict how they are likely to fare in school and in terms of their relationships with teachers
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socialization
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Teacher-child
relationships influence children regardless of pre-existing differences among children |
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High-school students who named at least one important/special teacher during school years were...
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twice as likely to complete HS as those who dropped out
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Mentor relationships occur more often
for... |
girls; urban youth; children of divorce
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Mentor/child relationships develop more and do better when its goals are ___ rather than ___
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instrumental; emotional
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Mentoring is directly linked to...(3)
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improvements in pa-ch
relationships, fewer unexcused absences, higher perceived competence |
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Mentoring is indirectly linked (mediation) to...(3)
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higher global self-worth, school value, and
grades. |
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Children connected to adults and peers outside of the family function better than...
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children with family-dominated support networks.
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Capacity for reciprocity emerges slowly in ___
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peer relationships
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around 18-24 months in a peer relationship ___ develops
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coordination of skills for
sustaining interactions |
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Around 4-5 years in a peer relationship, ___ develops
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more organized stable patterns
for affiliation - Norms of equity - Friendships - Stable group memberships |
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During middle childhood and
adolescence, perceptions of social support provisions shift toward ____ |
peers
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Similarity-Attraction Hypothesis
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• Personal similarities enhance one’s sense of well-being through reinforcement, thus leading to social attraction.
• Personal dissimilarities are disliked: opposing attitudes and beliefs challenge, threaten, and possibly interfere with goals. |
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Social preference/acceptance (
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degree to which a child is liked in peer group
•positive nom.’s - negative nom.’s |
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Social impact
(what it is and how it's calculated) |
–degree to which a child stands out in the group
•positive nom.’s + negative nom.’s |
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Social Preference means you are __ in popularity and __ in rejection
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high; low
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Social Impact means you are __ in controversial and __ in neglect
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high; low
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rejected children have problems with
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-academic difficulties
– delinquency – loneliness |
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controversial children have...
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both positive and neg. nom's
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rejected children's future problems...
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– higher drop out rates
– criminality – mental health problems |
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Children of authoritative parents have___than children of authoritarian or neglectful parents
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more positive peer relationships in childhood and adolescence
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difference b/w authoritative and authoritarian
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authoritative=demanding and responsive
authoritarian=demanding and non-responsive |
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Children whose pa’s encourage expressions of alternative viewpoints have children who are...
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more skilled at negotiating conflicts with peers
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Children whose parents talk about emotions and help
children understand their emotions are... |
more effective at regulating their own emotions in interactions with
peers |
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Stage-setting mechanisms
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history of relationships with parents affect children’s behavior with peers (Indirect link)
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Interactive mechanisms
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direct attempts by parent or child, with parent’s help, to arrange contact with other
children and/or to intervene to make the contacts more positive (Direct link) |
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Friendships are marked by __ and __
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reciprocity and voluntary
shared experiences |
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By 4-5 yrs., 3 out of 4 (75%)children have_____; 3 of 10 (30%)
have______ |
a close
relationship with another child; more than one. |
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Do characteristics of friendship change across age?
(2 things don't; 2 things do) |
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Friendships, compared to
acquaintances, involve: (2 things) |
1.Individuals with similar activities,
interests (selection ) 2.Increasing similarity over time (socialization) |
