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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the bulk of all precipitation that falls on land come from?
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The ocean.
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How many % of ocean evaporation falls back on land and how much back on water?
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78% back into the Ocean after evaporating, 22% back on land.
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Name the two pathways precipitation on land follows.
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First, surface run-off (streams, rivers, lakes).
Second, infiltration into the ground and percolation through the substrate (soil, rock) as groundwater. |
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What is the water budget?
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Soil-Water balance equation
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Precipitation is what and is it input or output?
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Input / snow, hail, sleet, rain, etc.
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ACTET - Define and explain.
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Actual Evapotranspiration. evaporation plus transpiration by plants- outputs of moisture back into atmosphere. Transpiration controlled by plant stomata
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What does POTET measure?
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Potential evapotranspiration- how much moisture could potentially go back into the atmosphere
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Define surplus and deficit.
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Overland flow or runoff (surplus) / Moisture shortage at surface (deficit)
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Define a drought.
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A human defined condition having to do with the balance between water demand and lack of water.
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Define field capacity. (Note: you might want to really look at the "Types of soil moisture diagram" for a complete view of soil moisture).
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Field capacity is when water and spaces for oxygen are in soil so its at its best condition for growing the largest yield of crop. Farmers know what field capacity ideal water/oxygen levels are like for their soils.
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Define the wilting point. Is h20 available? Is it not? Is there any gravitational H20 available?
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The wilting point is the line between available H20 and no available H20, where only hygroscopic H20 is available with perhaps a trace of capillary. No gravitational H20 is available as that becomes available closer to the saturation point and past field capacity.
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Name a case where a hurricane did a positive thing in terms of water budget.
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1969 -Camille -relieved southeastern drought.
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What is groundwater? How does its water supply relate to rivers and lakes?
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Groundwater is the largest reservoir of liquid freshwater on land- our main resource, larger than all the surface freshwater in rivers and lakes.
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What are the areas called where surface water replenishes groundwater?
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Recharge areas.
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Name the term for the amount (%) of pores in soil or rock.
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Porosity
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Name the term for the ability of a rock layer to transmit water through connected pores.
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Permeability
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What is one way (more of a scientific term as the answer) that you can reduce head [pressure]?
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Groundwater utilization.
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What is a permeable geologic formation (body of rock) that stores water and allows it to flow called?
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Aquifer
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What is a impermeable layer of rock that does not allow water to flow through it called?
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Aquiclude
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What is a cone of depression?
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A dip in surface of water table caused by pumping and drawdown of groundwater
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What is a confined aquifer?
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An aquifer bounded on top and bottom by aquicludes; produces artesian wells.
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What is the word for contamination of aquifer by seawater along the coast when head is reduced.
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Saltwater incursion.
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What kind of soil results in effluent conditions (where the water table feeds the stream)?
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saturated soil. Usually when there is lush vegetation around since it always has plenty of water, so much so that there is water going into streams.
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What kind of conditions are present when the stream feeds the water table?
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Influent. Usually found in arid conditions. [I think of it as "influence" as in impacting the area around it.]
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Consider some of the maps on the Ch 6 powerpoint showing the high plains aquifer, water supply around the world, etc. Here's a question: Which country would be the U.S. and which would be S. America - the one that spends a majority of its water on industry or the one that spends a majority on Agriculture?
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Industry - U.S. - 65%
Agriculture - S. America. - 68% |
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What is capillary water in relation to soil and groundwater utilization?
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Water that exists between grains of soil - it can be tapped for use.
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What structures on plants are means by which a plant emits excess humidity into the atmosphere in the gaseous phase as water vapor?
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Stomata
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Where and what is the water table?
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It's at the top of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where all of available pores between substrate material become filled with water. This happens as a result of percolation.
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Under what conditions and what season would evapotranspiration go up (in relation to what he mentioned during lecture?)
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More sunlight. Less rain input. ... Summer is when trees are at their max and start shedding the water that they bring up from the soil. During this time there will actually be a deficit in water soil moisture, like a drought.
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What kind of soil particles (gravel, etc.) are good excluders of water?
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Clay.
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Hydraulic pressure is less formally known as...?
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Head.
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If you are near the ocean and pump way too much water you reduce the head and also may allow...
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Seawater intrusion.
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Name two aquifers mentioned in class.
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Cohansey (Pine Barrens). High Plains (the one with the old gravel from the rockies and fossil water).
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