321 - Cardiovascular System Notes. Understanding The Heart A&p

Front 1

Anatomy of the heart
-where is the top of the heart called?
-where does it lie in relation to the rib cage?

Back 1

-the base
-just below the 2nd rib

-the heart looks like an upside down triangle

Front 2

Anatomy of the heart
-what is the bottom fo the heart called?
-where does it lie?

Back 2

-apex
-rests on the diaphragm

Front 3

conversion of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood in respect to the lungs and return of the blood to the heart

Back 3

external respiration in the lungs converts deoxygenated blood coming from the right side of the heart into oxygenated blood that returns to the left side of the heart

Front 4

oxygenated blood is bright red in color and travels (away or towards) the heart

Back 4

away

Front 5

deoxygenated blood is darker in color and travels (away or towards) the heart to be resupplied with oxygen

Back 5

towards the heart. oxygenated blood is pumped to the aorta and the body by the left ventricle

Front 6

deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the heart through what?

where does it empty into?

Back 6

the inferior and superior vena cava

the right atrium

Front 7

do arteries or veins carry oxygenated blood

Back 7

arteries

Front 8

oxygenated blood is carried by the arteries away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries where what happens

Back 8

oxygen is consumed.

Front 9

do arteries or veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

Back 9

veins (inferior and superior vena cava)

Front 10

arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all cells of the body and venous blood carries what?

Back 10

carbon dioxide, a waste product, to the lungs to be exhaled.

Front 11

all veins carry deoxygenated blood (T or F)

Back 11

false
-the one exception is pulmonary veins which contain oxygenated blood

Front 12

all arteries carry oxygenated blood (T or F)

Back 12

false
-the one exception is the pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body

Front 13

arteries
-oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart along arteries. the arteries are like tree branches. the largest artery is what?

Back 13

the aorta - which connects to the heart and picks up oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.

-the only artery that picks up deoxygenaetd blood is the pulmonary artery, wihch runs between the heart and lungs.

Front 14

Capillaries
-the arteries eventually divide down into the smallest blood vessel, the capillary. capillaries are so small that blood cells can only move through them 1 at a time. what is the function of the capillaries?

Back 14

oxygen and food nutrients pass from these capillaries to the cells.

capillaries are connected to veins so wastes from the cells can be transferred to the blood

Front 15

4 chambers of the heart

-the right and left atria serve as volume reservoirs for blood being sent into the ventricles.

-contraction of the atria does what

Back 15

forces blood into the ventricles below

Front 16

the right and left _______ serve as the pumping chambers of the heart.

Back 16

ventricles

Front 17

valves of the heart
-2 atrioventricular valves which are

Back 17

tricuspid and mitral

Front 18

valves of the heart
-2 semilunar valves which are

Back 18

aortic and pulmoinc

Front 19

valves of the heart
-when do they semilunar valves open?

Back 19

due to pressure within the ventricles

Front 20

the valves open and close in response to chanegs in pressure within the chambers they connect. they serve as a one way door that keep blood flowing through the heart in a forward direction.
-when the valves close, they prevent backflow of blood from one chamber to another.
-what are the heart sounds heard through a stethescope?

Back 20

closing of the valves.

Front 21

what does it mean if a murmur is heard on auscultation?

Back 21

murmurs are heard when damage occurs and blood flows backward into a chamber

Front 22

during diastole, what happens?

Back 22

the left ventricle is filling with blood, the aortive valve is closed, enabling blood to fill hte coronary arteries

Front 23

the coronary arteries lie on the surface of the heart. what is their purpose?

Back 23

supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen

Front 24

how does tachycardia affect diastole?

Back 24

it shortens diastole, thus, less blood flows into the coronary arteries because contraction of the ventricles squeezes the arteries and lessens blood flow through them

Front 25

systolic BP:
-what is this looking at

Back 25

contraction
-it is the maximum pressure against the artery walls while the heart beats

Front 26

during sytole, what doe the atria do?

what do they ventricles do?

Back 26

relax and fill with blood. the mitral and tricuspid valves are closed.

ventricular pressure rises, which forces open the aortic and pulmonic valves, and then the ventricles contract and blood flows through the ciruclatory system

Front 27

diastolic BP
-what is this

Back 27

relaxation
-pressure in the arterial walls as the heart is resting

Front 28

during diastole, what do the ventricles do?

what do the atria do?

Back 28

ventricles relax


atria contract and blood is forced through the open tricuspid and mitral valves (the aorta and pulmonic valves are closed)

Front 29

Cardiac output is what

Back 29

the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute

Front 30

-how does tachycardia affect cardiac output?

Back 30

by shortening diastole and allowing less tiem for the ventricles to fill (less filling time means less blood will be ejected and less will be sent though the circulation)

Front 31

how is cardiac output measured

Back 31

by multiplying HR x stroke volume

Front 32

stroke volume is the amount of

Back 32

the anount of blood ejected from the LV with each heart beat

Front 33

normal cardiac output is

Back 33

4-8 L/min

Front 34

3 factors affect stroke volume, which are

Back 34

preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility. a balance of these 3 factors produces optimal cardiac output

Front 35

preload is what

Back 35

the stretching of muscle fibers in the ventricles as they are filling with blood

Front 36

preload and balloon
-what can you think of preload as?

Back 36

-think of preload as the balloon stretching as air is blown into it. the more air, the greater the stretch

Front 37

preload increases with an increase in what

Back 37

venous return to the heart

Front 38

afterload refers to the pressure that

Back 38

the ventricular muscles must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta to get the blood out of the heart

Front 39

the amount of pressure the left ventricle must work against to pump blood into circulation

Back 39

afterload

Front 40

afterload
-the greater than resistance, the more the heart works to pump out blood.
-resistance & the balloon...

Back 40

resistance is the knot on the end of the balloon.. which the balloon has to work against to get the air out.

Front 41

contractility is what

Back 41

the hearts ability to stretch - like a balloon

Front 42

contractility is the ability of the muscle cells to contract after depolarization. this ability depends on:

Back 42

how much the muscle fibers are stretched at the end of diastole

Front 43

what alters contractility and the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles?

Back 43

overstretching and understretching the muscle fibers

Front 44

what is contractility influenced by?

Back 44

preload

Front 45

contractility and balloon...

Back 45

the greater the stretch, the more forceful the contraction, or the more air in the balloon, the greater the stretch and the father the balloon will fly when air is allowed to expel

Front 46

the nerve supply of the heart is supplied by 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system, which are:

Back 46

sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

Front 47

-sympathetic nervous system =

Back 47

the heart accelerator

Front 48

-parasympathetic nervous system =

Back 48

as the hearts brakes

Front 49

the sympathetic nervous system has chemicals that affect the CV system, which are?

Back 49

norepinephrine and epinephrine.

these chemicals increase HR, AV conduction, and contractility

Front 50

stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system releases a chemical, which is?
-what does it do?

Back 50

acetylcholine
-slows the HR

Front 51

the parasympathetic nervous system:
-one of this systems nerves is important and affects the CV system. what is it?

Back 51

the vagus nerve.
-the vagus nerve carries impulses the slow HR and conduction through the AV node and ventricles

Front 52

stimulation of the vegas nerve releases what

Back 52

Achetylcholine and slows HR

Front 53

the vagus nerve is stimulated by baroreceptors. the stretching of the baroreceptors occurs when?

Back 53

durring periods of hypertension or when applying pressure to the carotid artery

Front 54

what is the electrical conduction pathway?

Back 54

impulses travel out of the SA node to the AV node, to the bundle of His to the purkinje fibers.

Front 55

what is the purpose of the electrical conduction system in the heart

Back 55

causes the heart to contract

Front 56

electrical conduction system of the heart

-the SA node is the hearts main

Back 56

pacemaker, generating impulses 60-100 times per minute

Front 57

electrical conduction system of the heart

the AV node is responsible for what

Back 57

delaying impulses by 0.04 seconds to keep the ventricles from contracting to quickly (allowing the atria to contract and the ventricles to completely fill, which optimizes CO

Front 58

electrical conduction system of the heart

bundle of His:

Back 58

resumes the rapid conduction of the impulse through the ventricles

Front 59

electrical conduction system of the heart

purkinje fibers extend deep into the myocardial tissue and they do what

Back 59

conduct impulses rapidly through the muscle to assist in depolarization and contraction