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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Writing Process
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1) Audience Analysis
2) Planning 3) Drafting 4) Revising 5) Proofreading & Formatting |
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Audience analysis
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identify the interests, needs, and personality of your receiver
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primary audience
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person whose cooperation is crucial if your msg is to achieve its objectives
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Planning
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first step in writing; involves making conscious decisions about the purpose, content, and organization of the msg
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ethos
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an appeal based on credibility
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pathos
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an appeal based on emotion
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logos
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an appeal based on logic
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brainstorming
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jotting down ideas, facts, possible leads, and anything else you might think helpful in constructing your msg
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mind mapping
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aka clustering; avoids step-by-step limitations of lists; write purpose of msg in middle of page and circle it--think of points to add and link them to the main purpose
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organization
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final step in planning; determine in what order to discuss each topic
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classification
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grouping related ideas; first step in organizing the message
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Steps of Planning
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Purpose, Content, Organization
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Drafting
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composing a preliminary version of a msg
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writer's block
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inability to focus on the writing process and to draft a msg; causes: procrastination, impatience, perfectionism
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free writing
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write continuously for 5-10 minutes without stopping and see what comes out.
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Revising
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process of modifying a document to increase its effectiveness
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Revise for:
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content (only needed information is included), style (rhythm and flow of writing), correctness (standard English: grammar, spelling, punctuation, word usage)
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Editing
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process of ensuring that the writing conforms to standard English
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style
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the way in which an idea is expressed; the particular words the writer uses and the manner in which those words are combined into sentences, paragraphs, and complete messages
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mechanics
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elements in communication that show up only in written form, including spelling, punctuation, abbreviations, capitalization, number expression, and word division
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dangling expression
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any part of a sentence that doesn't logically fit in with the rest of the sentence
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redundancy
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unnecessary repetition of an idea that has already been expressed or intimidated; AVOID: advance planning (planning), any and all (any or all), but nevertheless, each and every, repeat again (repeat), free gift (gift), plan ahead (plan)**
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active voice
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subject performs the action expressed by the verb (ex) shoemacher & doerr audited the books in 2008
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passive voice
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the subject receievs the action expressed by the verb (ex) the books were audited in 2008 by __ and ___.
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parallelism
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use similar grammatical structure for similar ideas
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tone
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writer's attitude towards both the reader and the subject of the message
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platitudes
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trite, obvious statements
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"you" attitude
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emphasizes what the receiver wants to know and how he or she will be affected by the message
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empathy
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ability to proejct yourself into another person's position and to understand that person's situation, feelings, motives, and needs
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receiver benefits
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emphasizing how the receiver will benefit from doing as you ask
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