3.1 Erythrocyte Morphology

Front 1

Macrocytic anemia

Back 1

Regenerative

Front 2

Microcytic anemia

Back 2

Fe deficiency

Front 3

Where do we examine RBC & WBC morphology?

Back 3

Counting area

Front 4

Back 4

1. Hypochromasia (Less color)
2. Polychromasia (Blue color in young platelets)
3. Macro platelet

Front 5

1. What is hypochromasia associated with?
2. When we see polychromasia, it means...?
3. What do we call an erythrocyte stained with NMB (New Methylene Blue) stain?
4. What do we call an erythrocyte stained with Wright's stain?

Back 5

1. Iron deficiency
2. BM is responding
3. Reticulocyte
4. Polychromatic cell

Front 6

What are the 2 main options for a REGENERATIVE anemia?

Back 6

Blood loss
Blood destruction
(Recovering BM)

Front 7

1. What type of anemia does this llama have?
2. In what animals do we not see an ↑central pallor with iron deficiency?

Back 7

1. Fe deficiency anemia
Spiculated points (keratocytes) & hypochromasia (↑central pallor) are the clues
2. CATS

Front 8

Is this true hypochromasia?

Back 8

No, it is an incidental finding.

Front 9

What spiculated RBC shape is this?

Back 9

Acanthocytes

Front 10

1. What spiculated RBC shape is this?
2. The fragments of the RBC released are called?

Back 10

1. Keratocyte (karate kick)
2. Schistocytes

Front 11

What RBC shape is this?

Back 11

Spherocytes

Front 12

What are in-vitro & in-vivo causes of ECHINOCYTES?

Back 12

IN-VITRO:
Crenation (dries on slide)
IN-VIVO:
Rattlesnake envenomation (reversible shape change)

Front 13

1. What spiculated RBC shape are these?
2. What is this shape diagnostic for?
3. Are polychromatic cells affected by rattlesnake envenomation?

Back 13

1. Echinocytes (numerous short spicules of similar size)
2. Rattlesnake envenomation
3. Middle right shows they are not.

Front 14

After a rattlesnake bite, is this RBC shape change seen in horses/cattle?

Back 14

Because of the size, normally echinocytes (starfish) are not seen.

Front 15

1. What are ACANTHOCYTES diagnostic for in CATS?
2. What are ACANTHOCYTES diagnostic for in DOGS?
3. How can we differentiate acanthocytes from echinocytes?

Back 15

1. Hepatic lipidosis
2. HSA
3. Acanthocytes are usually UNEVENLY distributed due to △'s in [LIPID] in RBC membrane.

Front 16

Identify structures:
1.
2.
3.

Back 16

1. Acanthocytes
2. Schistocytes
3. Acanthocytes

Front 17

When do schistocytes become evident?

Back 17

IV trauma (DIC (will see ↓platelets), HSA)
Fe Deficiency Anemia

Front 18

What is your diagnosis?

Back 18

Presence of schistocytes and few platelets suggest DIC.

Front 19

1. Keratocytes are pathognomonic for...
2. Acanthocytes are pathognomonic for...
3. Spherocytes are pathognomonic for...

Back 19

1. Fe deficiency anemia (Iron kick)
2. Hemangiosarcoma (Dogs) & Hepatic lipidosis (Cats)
3. IMHA

Front 20

Identify the cells/structures & what is your diagnosis?
1.
2.
Dx:

Back 20

1. Keratocyte
2. Hypochromatic cell
Dx: Fe deficiency in the cat and dog (REMEMBER: no ↑in central pallor in the cat)

Front 21

What is a spherocyte?

Back 21

An erythrocyte that appears small & lacks central pallor.
Volume = normal & pathognomonic for IMHA

Front 22

Identify the cells/structures & what is your diagnosis?
1.
2.
Dx:

Back 22

1. Spherocyte
2. Imperfect sphere (incidental finding)
Dx: IMHA based on spherocytes and AGGLUTINATION

Front 23

What antibody is required for agglutination of RBC to occur?

Back 23

IgM (if IgG, then agglutination will not occur)

Front 24

In IMHA, does IV hemolysis or extravascular hemolysis occur?

Back 24

Both occur. IV hemolysis leads to ↑hemoglobin in the blood.

Front 25

Identify the cell & what causes this polarization?
1.
Cause:

Back 25

1. Eccentrocytes
Cause: Oxidative damage (onion, drugs) causes shifting of Hgb to one side of cell.

Front 26

Eccentrocytes are often seen in conjunction with ___ formation.

Back 26

Heinz body formation

Front 27

What are two indications of oxidative damage to cells caused by ingestion of onions or other substances that oxidatively denature hemoglobin?

Back 27

Eccentrocytes (RBC membrane selectively affected)
Heinz body formation (Hgb denatured)

Front 28

Identify the cells/structures & what is its significance?
Arrow:
Significance:

Back 28

Arrow: Target cell
Significance: NONE

Front 29

What cells/structures have little/no diagnostic significance?

Back 29

1. "Target" cells
2. "Bowl" shaped cells (due to force; aka torocytes)
3. Folded cells

Front 30

Identify the cells/structures, in what breeds is this hereditary, & what is its clinical significance?
Arrow:
Breeds:
Clinical significance:

Back 30

Arrow: Stomatocytes
Breeds (hereditary stomatocytosis): Alaskan malamutes, Miniature schnauzer, Drentse partrijshond
Clinical significance: chondrodysplasia (dwarfism) in malamutes

Front 31

1. How can we confirm Heinz bodies?
2. In what animal may Heinz bodies be an INCIDENTAL FINDING?
3. What are their significance?

Back 31

1. Staining with NMB (New Methylene Blue)
2. Heinz bodies in CATS can be an incidental finding in contrast to dogs.
3. Precipitates of DENATURED & OXIDIZED hemoglobin

Front 32

What are potential erythrocyte oxidants associated with Heinz body hemolytic anemia in CATS?

Back 32

Acetaminophen toxicosis
Zn toxicosis
Onions
Propylene glycol in cat food
Illness (Diabetes mellitus, HyperTHYROIDism, Lymphosarcoma)

Garfield saying: "O"- PIZA

Front 33

What are potential erythrocyte oxidants associated with Heinz body hemolytic anemia in DOGS?

Back 33

Onions
Cephalosporins
Zn toxicosis

Odie being "CO-Z"

Front 34

Identify the cells/structures pointed by the arrows, what stain was used to confirm their presence & what are their clinical significance?
Arrow:
Stain:
Significance:

Back 34

Arrow: Heinz bodies
Stain: New Methylene Blue [R]
Significance: Denatured, oxidized, precipitated hemoglobin.

Front 35

1. What are potential erythrocyte oxidants associated with Heinz bodies in HORSES?
2. ...CATTLE?
3. ...SHEEP?

Back 35

1. WILTED red maple leaves (FATAL) & Phenothiazine
2. Onions & Kale
3. Cu toxicosis

Front 36

Identify the cells/structures indicated by the arrows, how do the form & what are their clinical significance?
Arrow:
Formation:
Significance:

Back 36

Arrow: Basophilic stippling
Formation: Abnormal aggregation of ribosomes
Significance: Lead poisoning in small animals (ABSENCE of anemia)

Front 37

In what species are these cells normally found and what are they called?
Species:
Name:

Back 37

Species: Ruminants
Name: Basophilic stippling

Front 38

Identify the cells/structure & what are their clinical significance?
1.
Significance:

Back 38

1. Howell-Jolly body
Significance:
Splenic disease/splenectomy (normally removed by spleen)
Regenerative anemia (normal)
↑Corticosteroids (mO not able to work)
**Lead poisoning (ABSENCE of anemia)**

Front 39

What 2 findings may suggest LEAD POISONING?

Back 39

Basophilic stippling (abnormal in SA)
Howell-Jolly bodies (ABSENCE of anemia)

Front 40

Identify the cells/structure:
1.
2.
3.

Back 40

1. Metarubricyte
2. Rubriblast (Can see nucleolus within nucleus)
3. Prorubricyte

Front 41

What is the most common bacterial parasite by far?

Back 41

Mycoplasma haemofelis

Front 42

1. Identify the parasitic organism.
2. What does it cause?

Back 42

1. Mycoplasma haemofelis (small blue cocci/rings/rods on the edges/surface of the RBC)
2. Hemolytic anemia

Front 43

1. Identify the parasitic organism.
2. What does it cause?

Back 43

1. Mycoplasma haemofelis
2. Hemolytic anemia

Front 44

1. Identify the parasitic organism.
2. When are we more likely to see these organisms?
3. What is the cause of the anemia with RBC parasites?

Back 44

1. Mycoplasma haemocanis (chains of cocci across the face of the RBC)
2. Splenic disease/splenectomy (normally removed by spleen)
3. Ab-Ag complexes with parasite (by mO/complement)

Front 45

Identify the parasitic organism.

Back 45

Cytauxzoon felis (FATAL, protozoan; "SITE-SUMIDO")

Front 46

Identify the protozoal parasite that appears single or multiple pear shaped within the RBC.

Back 46

Babesia canis (I miss you Babe = teardrop)

Front 47

Identify the protozoal parasites indicated by the arrows.

Back 47

[L] Babesia canis (I miss you Babe = teardrop)
[R] Babesia gibsoni (I miss you Babe = teardrop)

Front 48

Blood drawn from a cow.
Identify the protozoal parasites.

Back 48

Mycoplasma wenyoni

Front 49

Identify the protozoal parasites indicated by the arrows.

Back 49

Anaplasma marginale

Front 50

1. What is significant of this arrangement in horses?
2. ...in small animals?
3. How can we differentiate agglutination from rouleaux?

Back 50

1. Normal
2. ↑globulin
3. Add isotonic saline

Front 51

What is significant of this arrangement in small animals?

Back 51

IMHA = Ab attachment (IgM)