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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when is the incidence of acute otitis media the highest?
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in the first two years of life
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how does the incidence of acute otitis media vary with increased exposure to infection?
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increases
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t/f... breast-feeding protects against otitis media
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true
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how do bacteria attach to respiratory mucosa?
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by expressing adhesins which bind the organism to epithelial cell receptors
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what are the predominant bacterial pathogens that cause acute otitis media?
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haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae
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what is the definition of wasting?
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weight <3rd centile for age
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what is stunting?
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low height for age (<3rd centile)
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which antimicrobial agents cause toxicity in patients with renal impairment?
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aminoglycosides
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what is the normal range of hearing?
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15Hz to 15kHz
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what is sensory hearing loss?
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loss of sensory structures (haircells) in the cochlea
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what is neural hearing loss?
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hearing loss due to auditory nerve dysfunction
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what is the definition of mild hearing loss?
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25 to 50 dBHL
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what is moderate hearing loss?
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50-70 dBHL
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what is severe hearing loss?
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70-90 dBHL
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what is profound hearing loss?
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deafness - 90dBHL or worse
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what is the commonest cause of mild hearing loss in children?
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otitis media with effusion
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what type of hearing loss is presbyacusis?
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high frequency sensory loss
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how long is the external acoustic meatus?
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one inch
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which part of the ext acoustic meatus is cartilage?
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lateral part
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is the medial part of the ext acoustic meatus cartilage or bone?
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bone
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how is the external acoustic meatus oriented?
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concave anteriorly
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what nerve innervates the external acoustic meatus?
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V3, C2/3
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what is the innervation of the tympanic membrane?
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V3, X, IX - very sensitive
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name the ossicles
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malleus, incus, stapes
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what is the function of the ossicles?
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transfer vibrations
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name the muscles of the middle ear and their innervations
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tensor tympani (V3), stapedius (VII)
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what is the function of the muscles of the middle ear?
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dampen vibrations
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what is responsible for transferring vibrations in the middle ear?
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ossicles
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what structures are affected in the case of hyperacusis?
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muscles of middle ear
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name the two parts of the internal ear
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osseous and membranous labyrinth
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which part of the internal ear contains perilymph?
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osseous labyrinth
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which part of the internal ear contains endolymph?
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membranous labyrinth
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what is the most common pathogen causing pneumonia is infants aged 1-3 months?
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chlamydia trachomatis
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what is the most common cause of pneumonia in children aged 1-24 months?
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RSV
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what is the most common cause of pneumonia in children aged 2-5 years?
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respiratory viruses
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what is the most common cause of pneumonia in children aged 6-18 years?
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mycoplasma pneumoniae
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what is the most common causative organism in severe pneumonia requiring admission to ICU?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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which antibiotics are used against strep pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza?
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beta lactams, quinolones
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which antibiotics are used for atypical bacteria?
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macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones
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what does legionella mimic?
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pneumococcal pneumonia
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what do beta-lactam antibiotics do?
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inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
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why are beta lactams ineffective against mycoplasma?
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mycoplasmas do not have cell walls
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which antibiotic does not have intracellular activity?
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aminoglycosides
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what do fluoroquinolones bind to?
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gyrase and topoisomerase
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what are aminoglycosides most useful for?
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aerobic gram negative bacteria
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when is surgical treatment appropriate for otitis media with effusion?
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if present for over 6 weeks
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t/f... scarring of tympanic membrane will cause a mild hearing loss
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false, scarring does not cause any hearing loss
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t/f... cholesteatoma causes erosion of bone
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true
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why does hearing loss occur in cholesteatoma?
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erosion of ossicles
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what is otosclerosis?
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growth of spongy bone which fixes stapes
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what type of hearing loss is caused by loss of hair cells wihtin the inner ear?
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sensory hearing loss
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what is the incidence of hearing loss in children?
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approx 0.9/1000 live births and further 0.5/1000 deafened during childhood
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t/f... hearing can only be tested accurately after 9 months
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false, all children can be tested accurately at any age
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which organism causes 95% of lobar pneumonia?
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streptococcus pneumoniae
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what are the four stages of disease progression in pneumonia?
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congestion, red hepatisation, grey hepatisation, resolution
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at what stage of pneumonia does neutrophil infiltration begin?
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congestion
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when are neutrophils most numerous in pneumonia?
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red hepatisation
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at what stage of pneumonia do macrophages enter?
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grey hepatisation
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when are macrophage numbers at their highest in pneumonia?
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during resolution
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which white cell predominates in viral pneumonia?
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lymphocytes
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