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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a neuron made of-that have the same as cells?
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membrane
cell body (soma)-entire egg nucleus-yolk of egg |
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What is a soma?
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the cell body-integrates the information
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what parts of the neuron are "special"?
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axons-axon terminals-sends info to next neuron
dendrites-RECEIVES new information |
both are extensions on the neuron-long squiggly things
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What is an axon?
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SENDS information to the next neuron
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what are dendrites?
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they RECEIVE new information
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The sodium potassium pump consumes a lot of energy-which is why we need to do what?
it pushes the ______ against cells, and brings _____in the neurons |
eat
sodium postassium |
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the more sodium pumped out...the more _________
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membrane potential (-70mV)
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when is an action potential triggered?
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when the resting membrane potential (-70mv) crosses -50mv
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when does an action potential peak?
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30mv
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information is coded by RATE/SIZE in action potentials?
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rate
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when membrane potential reaches threshold...what happens?
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Na channels open
K channels open |
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what is transduction?
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conversion of a physical stimulus to a neural response
physical stimiulus-neural |
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where are neurotransmitters released?
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in the SYNAPTIC CLEFT when AP reaches an AXON terminal
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what sensory neurons go with the sense of TOUCH?
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MERKEL receptor
PACINIAN corpuscle |
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what sensory neurons go with the sense of PAIN?
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heat NOCICEPTORS that are also activated by capsaicin
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what sensory neurons go with the sense of PROPRIOCEPTION (sense of self)
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Muscle spindle fibers that detect stretch
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what sensory neurons go with the sense of OLFACTION?
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olfactory sensory neurons
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what sensory neurons go with the sense of TASTE?
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taste cells (in the taste bud)
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what sensory neurons go with the sense of BALANCE?
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hair cells
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where is the 1st synapse for TOUCH?
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in the BRAINSTEM (top of the spinal cord)
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where is the 1st synapse for PAIN?
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in the SPINAL CORD
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where is the 1st synapse for PROPRIOCEPTION (sense of self)
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in the SPINAL CORD
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where is the 1st synapse for OLFACTION?
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in the olfactory bulb (GLOMERULUS)
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where is the 1st synapse for TASTE?
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in the taste bud
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where is the 1st synapse for BALANCE
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in the inner ear
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were is the primary cortical area for the sense of TOUCH?
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post-central gyrus
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were is the primary cortical area for the sense of PAIN
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post-central gyrus
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were is the primary cortical area for the sense of PROPRIOCEPTION?
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post-central gyrus...but some processing is done in the spinal cord
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were is the primary cortical area for the sense of OLFACTION?
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piriform cortex, orbitofrontal cortex
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were is the primary cortical area for the sense of TASTE?
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frontal operculum and insula
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were is the primary cortical area for the sense of BALANCE?
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NONE-vestibular nuclei are in the brainstem
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what does it mean when a neuron adapts?
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even though the stimulus continues, the rate of AP slowly returns to the resting state.
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Some return to the resting state faster than others.
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what happens to the spiking rate of a neuron when a stimulus is first applied?
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sensory neurons increase or decrease their spiking rate
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Flavor is a combo of what?
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taste and smell
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appetite is a combo of what?
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flavor
vision texture |
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pain is a combo of what?
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touch and pain
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what are the psychophysical techniques of measuring absolute thresholds? (3)
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Method of Limits
Method of Adjustments Method of constant stimuli (Fechner) |
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increasing and decreasing stimulus intensity to measure threshold
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method of limits (Fechner)
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turning up and down the volume
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method of adjustment (Fechner)
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randomly presenting the stimuli at various intensities-then measure the % they detected.
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method of constant stimuli (Fechner)
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CoNstaNT
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what is the psychophysical technique for measuring the difference threshold?
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difference method-JND (Weber's law)
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what is Weber's Law?
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JND
describes the phenomenon that the magnitude of a barely perceivable change (JND), in comparison to the magnitude of the stimulus, is constant |
JND
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what is top-down information processing?
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modulation of neural responses by attention or some other behavioral sate or experience
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starts with big-picture and starts breaking it down
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what is bottom-up information processing?
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when some neurons in the primary sensory areas can fail to respond to a stimulus if we are paying attention to someting else
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what does a negative membrane potential (-70mv) mean?
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there is a higher concentration of positively charged ions outside the cell than inside.
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what kind of fibers are used when you experience the sharp bain from stubbing your toe? (info goes to brain quickly)
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large, mylinated fibers
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what kind of fibers are used when you experience slow, aching pain? (pain from mechanical/thermal)
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C fibers-small, unmylinated fibers...reaches the somatosensory cortex 2 seconds after the sharp pain.
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what is weber's ovbservation?
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as the stimulus magnitude (S) increases, the JND increases
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JND/S=K
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what is stephen's law?
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doubling intensity/magnitude rarely doubles in response
on a scale of 1-5 how strong is the stimulus |
P=KS^n
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what is a psychometric function?
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a curve of the person's response to a stimulus
-ex. as stimulus intensity increases, persons response increases |
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when action potential reaches an axon terminal, where are neurotransmitters released?
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in the synaptic cleft
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a bundle of axons is a _____.
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nerve
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what is the CNS made of?
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brain & spinal cord
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what is the PNS made of?
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spinal nerves and cranial nerves
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what type of sensation does TOUCH create?
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mechanical & thermal
-mechanical displacements of the skin (poked, licked by dog, kissed, etc. |
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what type of sensation does PAIN create?
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mechanical
thermal chemical |
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Where will you find the cell body of a Pacinian corpuscle that detects vibrations in your right fingertip?
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in the DR ganglion on the R side of the spine.
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when you wrap your fingers around a coffee cup and feel that it is pleasantly warm, what is the geometry of the neuron that detects this wamth?
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a bipolar neuron with cell body in the DR ganglion, free nerve endings embedded in the skin, and an axon that projects to the spinal cord.
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where do cell bodies of bipolar neurons live?
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DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (right side of spine)
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what kind of neuron is most strongly stimulated when you read braile?
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Merkel receptors
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where is the post central gyrus located?
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in S1=the primary somatosensory cortex
-sense of TOUCH |
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what does it mean when we say a neuron in primary somatosensory cortex is feature-selective?
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the neuron responds to local "features' of an object, like the orientation of an edge
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why is it hard to ignore pain?
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nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord project to the LIMBIC system as well as the THALAMUS
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What is a pain killer in the CNS?
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morphine (not aspirin/advil/tylenol)
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linear and angular acceleration are transduced in the occipital lobe/vestibular nuclei/inner ear/middle ear?
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inner ear
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where in the brain is the primary cortical representation of balance?
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there is NO primary cortical balance area
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T/F Woerneke's area contributes to your sense of balance
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false
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are thermal receptors uniformly distributed?
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no
they also have free nerve endings |
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what are the limits of sensing heat and cold for thermal receptors?
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they sense heat and cold up to the limit where it is damaging.
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merkel receptors are fast/slow adapting?
Big/small receptive fields? located where? |
slow
small located at dermis/epidermis |
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pacinian corpuscles: are
fast/slow adapting? big/small receptive fields? located where? |
fast
big located in subcutaneous fat |
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merkel receptors are continuous or only activate AP on on/off stimulation?
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continuous
fine details (not moving) |
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pacinian corpuscles are continuous or only active AP on on/off stimulation?
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on/off stimulation
vibration moving over fine details |
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Vestibular sense: SUMO
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Saccule
Utricle Maccule Otolith |
sense linear acceleration of the head
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Vestibular sense: SNAC
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Semicircular
caNals Ampula Cupula |
angular motion
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cilia of hair cells in the _____ of s/u sense shift of____ membrane during linear acceleration.
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macula
otolith |
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cilia of hair cells in the _____of semicurcular canal sense shift of _______ during angular acceleration.
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ampula
cupula |
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Vestibular information is processed in _____ nuclei.
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brainstem
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NOT the brain (subconscious)
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Vestibular nuclei integrate 3 things to control our balance: what are they?
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vestibular sensation, optic flow, and other proprioceptive cues to control our BALANCE
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_____results from disturbance of the inner ear.
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Vertigo
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comes from inflammation/migraine/change in semicircular canals from drinking alcohol)
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Balance is maintained by 3 things:
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kinethesia
vision vestibular info |
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motion sickness results from?
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cue conflict (knesthesia, vision, or vestibular info don't agree)
or postural instability |
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oflactory neurons have molecular receptors embedded in their _____, which stick out into the mucus of the olfactory mucosa
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cilia
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t/f there is a 1:1 mapping between shape and receptor response
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false
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1 molecule is enough to elicit an AP from an olfactory neuron.
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synapses from olfactory neurons with the same receptor type are grouped in ________ in the olfactory bulb.
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glomeruli
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organization of glomeruli across olfactory bulb is sensible with respect to odorant molecule structure
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t/f we have a growing ability to predict sense (pleasantness) from a molecular structure
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true
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olfactory information bypasses the ______
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thalamus
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from the olfactory bulb------piriform cortex.
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what are the 4 types of papillae on our tongue?
which 3 have taste buds? FUCFO |
fungiform, circumvillate, foliate, and filliform
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FUCFO has tastebuds
FI doesn't |
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what are the 5 types of taste neurons?
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bitter
sweet umami salty sour |
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molecules (bitter, sweet, umami) and ions (salty, sour) contact receptors on cilia in taste cells through taste pores at top of ______ ___.
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taste bud
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t/f supertasters have a higher density of filliform papillae on tongue
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FALSE
higher density of fungiform |
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t/f taste intensity is a expansive function
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FALSE
compressive |
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where are the bipolar neurons of taste information?
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Nucleus of the solitary tract
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secondary afferent neurons in Neucleus of the solitary tract then project to the THALAMUS. then taste info goes to INSULA then FRONTAL OPERCULUM IN CORTEX
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capsaicin activates/represses thermal nociceptors in tongue. Capaicin cream can be used to increase/decrease reactivity nociceptors inovlved in neuropathic pain
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activates
decrease |
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Anosmia is the lack of what?
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the sense of smell
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blood glucose inhibits firing rate of what?
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Neucleus of the solitary tract
NST |
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