302 - Cytokines & Molecules

Front 1

CXCL13

Back 1

attracts naive B cells to the primary follicle

Front 2

IL-4

Back 2

induces IgG1 & igE, promotes production of memory cells, released by worms to stimulate Th2 response, clear parasites

Front 3

What cytokine induces IgG1 & IgE

Back 3

Il-4

Front 4

What cytokine promotes the production of memory cells?

Back 4

il-4

Front 5

what cytokine induces IgG3 & IgG2a expression

Back 5

IFN-Y

Front 6

What cytokine induces IgG2b & igA

Back 6

TGFB

Front 7

CCR7

Back 7

direct DCs to migrate to the LN

Front 8

CCL19/CCL21

Back 8

- home naive t cells to the LN

- produced by LN stromal cells

Front 9

which cytokine promotes the production of plasma cells (instead of memory cells)

Back 9

il10

Front 10

S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate)

Back 10

- lipid that is more concentrated in the blood than the LN, so encourages T cells that haven't yet recognized an antigen to leave the lymph node

Front 11

PLC-gamma

Back 11

phosphorylated by ZAP-70 in the TLR signalling

Front 12

PIP2

Back 12

cleaved by PLCC-Y in the ZAP70 TLR signalling pathway

Front 13

Downstream products of the TCR/ZAP 70 signalling

Back 13

- NFkB, AP-1 (Fos), NFAT

- induce t cell division, proliferation, and differentiation

Front 14

IL-2

Back 14

made & responded to (IL2R) by T cells (autocrine) to induce t-cell proliferation

Front 15

What cytokines produce a TH1 response?

Back 15

IL-12, INF-Y

Front 16

what transcription factor induces a TH1 resposne

Back 16

Tbet

Front 17

What cytokines to TH1 cells produce

Back 17

il-12, INF-Y

Front 18

purpose of TH1 cells

Back 18

super-activate macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria

Front 19

what cytokines cause TH17 response

Back 19

- IL6, IL21, TGFB

Front 20

What transcription factor cause TH17

Back 20

RORYT

Front 21

what cytokines do TH17 secrete

Back 21

IL17, 1L6

Front 22

purpose of TH17

Back 22

enhance neutrophil response

Front 23

what cytokines induce TH2

Back 23

IL4

Front 24

what transcription factor induces TH2

Back 24

GATA3

Front 25

what cytokines do TH2 secrete

Back 25

IL4 + IL5

Front 26

what cytokines cause Tfh

Back 26

IL16, TGFB, IL23

Front 27

What transcription factor causes Tfh

Back 27

Bd8

Front 28

What cytokines do Tfh secrete

Back 28

IL21

Front 29

purpose of Tfh

Back 29

Help activate B cells into plasma cells to make antibodies

Front 30

What induces Treg response

Back 30

TGFB + IL10

Front 31

What transcription factor induces Treg

Back 31

FoxP3

Front 32

What do Tregs secrete

Back 32

TGFB + IL10

Front 33

JAK-STAT pathway

Back 33

- pathway all cytokines use

- JAK = just another kinase, which phosphorylates STAT, which goes into the nucleus to activate transcription factors

Front 34

3 cytokines that help clear parasites

Back 34

IL4, 5, 13

Front 35

What cytokines inhibit MQ activation

Back 35

IL4, 5, 13

Front 36

TNFa + LT

Back 36

activates endothelium to induce macrophage adhesion & exit from blood vessel into tissue

Front 37

CXCL2

Back 37

causes macrophages to accumulate at the sites of infection

Front 38

Perforin

Back 38

CTL toxin that inserts into the membrane and creates a pore

Front 39

Granzymes

Back 39

CTL toxin that enters through a membrane pore (created by perforin) and generates an intracellular signal that trigers apoptosis via proteases

Front 40

IL10

Back 40

suppresses inflammatory immune responses to normal flora of the gut, and promotes Tregs

Front 41

Which cytokine promotes class switching to IgA in the gut?

Back 41

TGFB

Front 42

What cytokines is the laminar propria full of? what do they do?

Back 42

- IL10 & TGF-B

- Both suppress inflammatory immune responses to nromalflora

- Il10 promotes tregs

- TGF-B promotes class-switching to IgA

Front 43

a4B7

Back 43

-Expressed by T/B cells activated in the MLN or peyers patches

- binds MADcam1 on mucosal endothelium, homing to the cut

Front 44

MADcam1

Back 44

- on mucosal endothelium, interacts with a4B7 on B/T cells to facilitate their homing to the cut

Front 45

CCR9

Back 45

expressed by T/B cells activated in the MLN or peyers patch

- facilitates homing towards CCL25 in the small intestine

Front 46

CCL25

Back 46

made in the small intestine,facilitates homing of T/B cells to the gut, and interacts with CCR9

Front 47

IL13

Back 47

- part of TH2 respoonse

- induces epithelial cell repair + mucus which increases cell turnover and movement, helping to shed the parasite

Front 48

il5

Back 48

- Part of th2 response

- recruits and activates eosinophils

Front 49

Type 1 interferon response

Back 49

- IFNa&B

- Innate response to viral infection

- released by MQs and DCs in response to TLR recognition of viral ds DNA

- also enhance lytic activity of NK cells

Front 50

which cytokine induces macrophage super-activation

Back 50

il-12

Front 51

histamine

Back 51

smooth muscle contraction

Front 52

leukotrienes

Back 52

more powerful version of histamine: smooth muscle contractions

Front 53

Prostaglandins

Back 53

promote dilation and permeability of blood vessels, and attract neutrophils

Front 54

CR2

Back 54

on B-cell, co-receptor that recognizes cd3 on bacteria

Front 55

cd19

Back 55

co-receptor on B cell

Front 56

TLR4

Back 56

binds LPS

Front 57

TLR9

Back 57

binds bacterial DNA

Front 58

What provides signal #2 for B cell activation?

Back 58

CD40 (Bcell) : CD40L (Tcell)

Front 59

ICAM1

Back 59

adhesion molecule that strengthens T cell: B cell interaction to create immune synapse

Front 60

FcRn

Back 60

receptor on endothelial cells that binds to IgG to phagocytose & pass IgG into tissues

Front 61

poly-Ig-R

Back 61

binds & transcytoses IgA into tissue

Front 62

FcER1

Back 62

IgE receptor on mast cells in connective tissue, circulating basophils, and activated eosinophils

Front 63

C3bR (CR1)

Back 63

receptors for C3b on RBCs -- allows RBCs to bind immune complexes

Front 64

FCYR1

Back 64

- on monocytes, MQs, DCs

- Binds IgG w/ high affinity and factilitates phagocytosis

Front 65

FCYR2

Back 65

Binds IgG with lower affinity than FCYR1, can only bind and x-link after binding antibody

- 3 subtypes: 1 sends activating signals via ITAMS, 2 others send inhibitory signals via ITIMS to control inflammatory resposne

Front 66

FCYR3

Back 66

binds IgG with lowest affinity (of 1,2,3)

- 2 subtypes, both activate

- The only FcR on NK cells --> binds IgG1, 3, stimulates ADCC

Front 67

what 2 interactions allow T cell to enter lymph node via HEV

Back 67

1) Lselectin (T cell):Glycam + cd34 (HEV)

2) LFA1 (T cell) : Icam1(HEV)

Front 68

what is the original t-cell: DC low affinity interaction, then how does it strengthen

Back 68

1) LFA (Tcell) : ICAM-1 (DC)

2) Binding of TCR to MHC2 sends signal to LFA1 to increase the affinity

Front 69

Co-stimulation between t cell and DC

Back 69

CD28 (T cell) : B7 (DC)

Front 70

what does ITAM stand for

Back 70

Immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs

Front 71

CD25

Back 71

Causes production of IL2R & more IL2

Front 72

What interaction targets a cell for CTL killing

Back 72

Fas (virally infected cell) : fas ligand (CTL)

Front 73

Blk, Fyn, Lyn

Back 73

tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate Iga/B of BCR and CD3 of TCR after x-linking of BCR/TCRby antigen

Front 74

Syk

Back 74

binds to phosphorylated ITAMS of Iga/Igb (BCR)

Front 75

ZAP-70

Back 75

binds to phosphorylated ITAMS of cd3 of TCR, then phosphorylated by Lck

- Has an SH2 domain to bind to phosphorylated tyrosines

Front 76

ribonuclease

Back 76

degrades viral RNA

Front 77

PKR

Back 77

dsRNA-dependent protein kinase: inactivates viral protein synthesis and blocks viral replication

Front 78

Proteases

Back 78

break down extracellular matrix

Front 79

Primary focus & secondary focus of clonal expansion in the lymph node

Back 79

- Primary focus; medullar chords

- Secondary focus: primary follicle, which forms the germinal center

Front 80

centroblasts

Back 80

rapidly proliferating cells in the primary follicle, found in the dark zone

Front 81

what stimulates AID for somatic hypermutation and isotype switching in the germinal center?

Back 81

- Tfh CD40 stimulations & cytokines

Front 82

Centrocytes

Back 82

smaller cells in the germinal center that have stopped dividing

- migrate to the light zone

- express class-switched surface Ig & interact with antigen on FDC

Front 83

Hyper IgM syndrome

Back 83

patient w/o CD40L on their th cells --> no class switching --> largely IgM in the blood

- lymph node won't have a germinal center

Front 84

What adhesion molecules are upregulated on activated CD4+ T cells?

Back 84

- CD44, CD2, LFA-1

Front 85

Is L-selectin up or down regulated in activated CD4+ T-cells vs. resting cells? Explain.

Back 85

- Down-regulated

- Present in naive cells b/c it helps them home to the LN. Down-regulated in activated cells b/c don't want to be in lymph node anymore, want to go to effector site

Front 86

Cognate recognition

Back 86

- When Th2/Tfh cell and B cell recognize the same antigen

- B cell binds carbohydrate

- T cell binds peptide

- 10,000X more effective than carb-response or protein-response individually

Front 87

compounds produced by activated Th1 cell & function:

Back 87

- IFN-Y & CD40L: activates macrophages

- Fas ligand: kills chronically infected macrophages, bacteria killed by healthy ones

- IL2: Induces more Tcell proliferation

- IL3/GM-CSF: Induces macrophage differentiation in the BM

- TNFa + LT: lets macrophages into tissue

- CXCL2: recruits macrophages to infection site

Front 88

What are intraepithelial lymphocytes

Back 88

- CD8+ cells, but more like innate cells

- first line of defence in the gut

- embedded in the epithelial membrane

Front 89

Evasion mechanisms of worms (4)

Back 89

- Motile --> move away

- Decrease expression of surgace antigens of enclose in glycolipid/glycoprotein coat

- Pick-up host Ags on surface to diminsh immune response

- enter intestine and shed eggs

Front 90

How can some viruses cause generalized immunosuppression?

Back 90

- Infect lymphocytes & DCs

- Induce a cytokine imbalance: eg. make a cytokine similar to IL10 (suppressive)

Front 91

Antigenic drift

Back 91

spontaneous mutations that occur gradually, and result in minor changes to NA/HA of influenza

Front 92

Antigenic shift

Back 92

a sudden emergence of a new subtype whose HA/NA are substantially different

--> can cause a new epidemic

Front 93

anaphylotoxins

Back 93

- c3a & c5a can act as these: induce mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, and leukocyte recruitment

Front 94

IgE mediated allergic reactions (5)

Back 94

- systemic anaphylaxis

- wheal and flare

- allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

- bronchial asthma

- food allergy

Front 95

Why are allergens usually proteins?

Back 95

because proteins induce t cell responses

Front 96

why do allergens have low molecular weight?

Back 96

can diffuse out of particle into mucus

Front 97

Atopic

Back 97

being susceptible to developing allergies: higher IgE levels, more circulating eosinohils

Front 98

Genetic basis for atopy (3 possible factors)

Back 98

1) MHC Halotype: enhanced presentation of allergen-derived peptides (chromosome 6)

2) Overproduction of 1L-4, 5, 13 (chromosome 5)

3) High levels of FceR1 (chromosome 11)

Front 99

3 immune reactants that can be involved in type 4 hypersensitivity, and corresponding antigens

Back 99

1) TH1: soluble antigen

2) TH2: soluble antigen

3) CTL: cell-associated antigen

Front 100

what type of allergy is allergic rhinitis?

Back 100

Type 1 (IgE)

Front 101

what type of allergy is systemic anaphylaxis?

Back 101

Type 1 (IgE)

Front 102

what type of allergy is penicillin allergy?

Back 102

Type 2 (IgG)

Front 103

What type of allergy is urticaria

Back 103

Type 2 (IgG)

Front 104

What type of allergy is serum sickness

Back 104

Type 3 (IgG)

Front 105

What type of allergy is contact dermititis?

Back 105

Type 4 (CTL)

Front 106

what type of allergy is chronic asthma

Back 106

Type 1 (IgE) but also type 4 because Th1 is involved

Front 107

What type of allergy is contact dermatitis

Back 107

type 4 (CTL)

Front 108

during allergy desensitization, which antibody switch do you want to induce?

Back 108

IgE ---> IgG4