Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define steady state
|
produce a dynamic balance even in the presence of change so that all body subsystems are in harmony with each other
|
|
|
What makes up a steady state?
|
internal constancy, homeostasis, stress and adaptation
|
|
|
internal constancy
|
constancy despite changes in the external environment. Maintained by physiologic and biological processes.
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
refers to a steady state within the body; the stability of the internal environment.
|
|
|
Stress
|
a state produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to a peson's dynamic balance or equilibrium
|
|
|
Example of stress and a stressor.
|
Unable to meet demands of a new situation. The new situation would be the stressor.
|
|
|
Adaptation
|
adjustment to the change so that the person is again in equilibrium and has the energy and ability to meet new demands.
|
|
|
The adjustment process of adaptation is...
|
coping
|
|
|
Coping pg. 78-79
|
a compensatory process used to mange the stressors.
|
|
|
Adaptation is a ______, _______ process that requires a change in structure, function, or behavior
|
constant, ongoing
|
|
|
Adaptation involves interaction between the _____ and ______
|
person and environment
|
|
|
An acute, time limited stressor
|
studying for an exam
|
|
|
A stressor sequence
|
a series of stressful events that result from an initial event like job loss or divorce.
|
|
|
A chronic intermittent stressor
|
daily hassles
|
|
|
A chronic enduring stressor
|
a stressor that exists over time. Ex. chronic illness, poverty, or a disability.
|
|
|
Constant stress has been related to...
|
psychosomatic disease.
|
|
|
Define the mediating process
|
after recognizing a stressor, a person consciously or unconsciously reacts to manage the situation.
|
|
|
Disease is a threat to
|
steady state.
|
|
|
"Appraisal and coping" are important mechanisms of
|
stress.
|
|
|
types of appraisal of stressful events
|
Primary, secondary, reappraisal
|
|
|
Primary
|
identifying as stressful or nonstressful
|
|
|
Secondary
|
an evaluation what can be done about the situation
|
|
|
Reappraisal
|
a change of opinion based on new information
|
|
|
The appraisal process is not necessarily...
|
sequencial.
|
|
|
The appraisal process contributes to the development of an _____.
|
emotion. positive emotions accompany challenge.
|
|
|
Types of coping.
|
Emotion-focused and problem-focused
|
|
|
Emotion-focused coping
|
seeks to make the person feel better by lessening the emotional distess
|
|
|
Problem focused coping
|
aims to make direct changes in the environment so that the situation can be managed more effectively.
|
|
|
Define "hardiness"
|
a general quality that comes from having rich, varied, rewarding experiences. Hardy people see stress as something they can change or control. They see it as interesting and an opportunity.
|
|
|
Maladaptive stress 84
|
When responses to stress are ineffective, they are maladaptive.
|
|
|
Are some cell injuries lethal? Example
|
yes. tanning, some cells may die.
|
|
|
hypoxia
|
inadequate oxygenation. the cell cannot transfer energy.
|
|
|
Cardiac mescle cells respond to hypoxia more quickly than _____ muscles
|
Smooth.
|
|
|
Compensatory processes are regulated by the _____ and ______
|
autonomic nervous system and
endocrine |
|
|
Negative feedback mechanisms throughout the body do what
|
monitor the internal environment and restore homeostasis when conditions shift out of nirmal range.
|
|
|
example of positive feedback in humans
|
human blood clot
|
|
|
Define injury (cell)
|
disorder in steady- state regulation
|
|
|
Cell injury. With adaptive changes, _____ occurs.
With cell injury steady state is lost and ____ in functioning ensue. |
compensation
changes |
|
|
Causes and disorders and injury in the system may arise from ____ or _____ factors
|
internal or external.
|
|
|
Cell injury destroys
|
cell integrity
ability of cell to transform energy ability of the cell to synthesize enzymes etc. ability of the cell to grow and reproduce. |
|
|
Causes of cellular injury 87
|
hypoxia, chemical injury, infectious agents
|
|
|
hypoxia interferes with the cell's ability to ______.
Causes of hypoxia 87 |
transform energy
|
|
|
Caloric excess overloads the cells in the body with ______
|
lipids.
|
|
|
Too little nutrients or an imbalance can lead to
|
protein deficiency or avitaminosis
|
|
|
a lack of insulin or no insulin prevents
|
glucose from entering the cell in the body.
|
|
|
when a person temperature is elevated, it leads to...
|
hypermetabolism. symptoms increased HR, Resp Rate, and basal metabolic rate all increase.
|
|
|
Body temperature greater than 106 is
|
hyperthermia
|
|
|
Inflammation is not the same as _____. The difference.
|
infection.
Infection is only one of several agents that may trigger an inflammatory response. A sequence of events occur in inflammation. |
|
|
Types of inflammation pg. 90
|
acute, subacute, chronic
|
|
|
Cellular healing
|
at the same time of the injury. in inflammation it begins after the debris has been removed.
|
|
|
Two ways cellular healing can occur
|
regeneration- same type of cells replaced (proliferation)
replacement- different type of cell (scar) |
|
|
Goals of adaptation
|
somatic (physical health, optimal wellness),
psychological sense of well being (happiness, satisfaction with life), enhanced social functioning (positive relationships, social life) |
|
|
What is a health risk appraisal
|
estimate the likelihood that people with a given set of characteristics will become ill. It is hoped that if people see this information, that they will improve.
|
|
|
|
the hypothalamus
|
|
|
CHAPTER 14.
Major electrolytes in the ECF ICF |
ECF- Sodium (cation) and Chloride (Anion)
ICF-Potassium (cation) and Phosphate (Anion) |
