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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are enzymes?
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reaction proteins
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What do enzymes do?
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quickly bring reactants together
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What are antibodies?
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protective proteins
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What do antibodies do?
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fight bad things
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What are hormones?
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regulatory proteins
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What do hormones do?
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send messages and alter cellular metabolism
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What are contractile proteins?
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motion proteins
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What do contractile proteins do?
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move cell parts and contract muscles
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The structures and functions of cells differ according to the type of _____ they contain.
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protein
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_____ _____ are the monomers that combine to make protein polymers.
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amino acids
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What type of reaction joins two amino acids together?
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dehydration reaction
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What type of covalent bond is used to join two amino acids?
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peptide bond
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What do we call two or more amino acids covalently bonded together?
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peptide
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What is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds called?
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polypeptide
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Which part of an amino acids' structure differentiates them from one another?
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attached side chain
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What is a protein's function determined by?
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three-dimensional shape
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List proteins' four levels of structure.
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primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
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A protein's sequence of amino acids is called its _____ structure.
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primary
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The _____ structure of a protein occurs when portions of the amino acid chain take on a certain orientation in space.
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secondary
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The _____ structure of a protein is its overall 3-D shape that results from the folding and twisting of its secondary structure.
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tertiary
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What external conditions have an effect on the tertiary structure (shape) of a protein?
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pH and temperature
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When external conditions, like pH or temperature, changes a proteins structure it loses its function. What is this called?
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denaturing
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A protein has a _____ structure when it contains more than one polypeptide chain.
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quaternary
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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What does RNA stand for?
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ribonucleic acid
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Nucleic acids got their name because scientists initially discovered them where?
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nucleus
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What can the nucleus of an animal and plant cell be generally described as?
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"brain" of the cell
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_____ stores genetic information.
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DNA
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_____ specify the sequence of the amino acids in proteins.
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Genes
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_____ is the HELPER that takes genetic information to the site of protein synthesis.
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RNA
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_____ monomers join together to create nucleic acid polymers.
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nucleotide
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List the 3 parts of all nucleotides.
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phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base
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Each nucleotide of DNA contains one of four different bases. List them by remembering G-CAT.
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guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T)
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Give the complementary base pairing of DNA. (Hint: remember G-CAT.)
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guanine (G) pairs with cystosine (C) and adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T)
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The shape of DNA is a _____-_____.
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double-helix
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In each strand of the DNA double-helix, the backbone (or outside edge) of the molecule consists of the phosphate bonded to the sugar. What is the third part that projects inside the spiral.
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bases
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Which base is different regarding RNA versus DNA?
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instead of thymine (T), RNA uses uracil (U)
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DNA is double-stranded, however RNA is _____-_____.
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single-stranded
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Where is genetic information stored?
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specific sequence of bases in DNA
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The proteins of organisms differ because their _____ differ.
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genes
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