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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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if you have anything to say to switch, say it now.
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not like theese................................................................not like theese.
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define poison
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any liquid, solid or gas that when applied to the body can, by it's inherent properties interfere with cell function
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define toxin
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toxicant (poison) that originates from biological processes
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define xenobiotic
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any substance foreign to the body (harmful or not)
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define toxicity and what are the 3 levels
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the relative potency of a toxicant (usually mg/kg)
<1 = extremely toxic 50-500 = moderate 5-15 gm/kig = not really toxic |
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T/F you can see severe effects below LD50 and you can you it to extrapolate the outcome in an exposure
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true for both.
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what does NOAEL stand for?
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no observable adverse effect level
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T/F absorption can vary within a species
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true.
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where will a weak acid be better absorbed, the stomach or intestines?
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stomach
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where will a weak base be better absorbed, the stomach or intestines?
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intestines
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T/F NO energy is required for facilitated diffusion
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true.
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T/F xenobiotics tend to take awhile to move between body compartments
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false. it's a very rapid process.
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T/F the tissue with the highest concentration may not be where the toxic effects are.
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true.
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T/F ONLY free drug is (ie non protein bound)
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true.
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what are 2 tissues that can exclude many toxicants?
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testes
BBB |
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besides the physical barrier, how does the CNS exclude toxicants?
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protein concentration is much lower so water insoluble chemicals have nothing to bind to.
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what are 2 overall goals of toxicant metabolism (biotransformation)?
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increase water solubility
decrease toxicity |
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where does most xenobiotic metabolism occur?
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liver
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what are the 3 phase 1 reactions in metabolism?
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hydrolysis
reduction oxidation |
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what are faster, phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism reactions?
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phase 2
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what age of animals have decreased liver enzymes?
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old and young
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what are the 3 major excretion routes?
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urine (most common)
GIT lungs |
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what's the rule of thumb for half life and body voiding of a toxicant?
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10 half lives virtually eliminates a toxicant
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T/F a drug can obey both a zero order and a first order process
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true!
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what is the deal with half life consistency in a zero order process?
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not constant
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how many grams in an ounce?
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28
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how many mls in a fl oz?
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30
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how to convert ppm to %
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1ppm = 1 mg/kg = .0001% = 1000ppb
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1 g/ton = ?
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1.1 ppm
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look at the calc problems at the end of L2.
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ok.
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decontamination is all about........
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preventing absorption
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T/F you don't really need to decontaminate an asymptomatic animal
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false
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when is emesis useful and how much is usually vomited out?
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within 30-90 minutes of ingestion
40-75% of contents |
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what are 2 substances that should never be emesed?
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caustics
petroleum distillate (hydrocarbons) |
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what species can't vomit?
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rodents
rabbits reptiles horses ruminants birds so basically dogs and cats only. |
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should you induce vomiting in a symptomatic patient? when else not?
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NO NO NO they're already vomiting probably.
also if they have seizures, heart disease or recent abdominal sx |
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hydrogen peroxide as emetic
-mech -repeat dose? -who to not give to |
GI irritation
yes once after 15 minutes not really good for cats |
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apomorphine as emetic:
-mech -2 routes -species used in |
emetic center (dopamine)
IV or conjuctivally DOGS not cats |
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xylazine aka a2 agonists as emetics:
-species |
CATS not dogs
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when is dilution recommended?
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caustic substances or petroleum distillates
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what's the best oral dilution for alkaline toxicants?
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MILK
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T/F you should try to neutralize with oral diluting substances
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FALSE
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with what substances should you NOT do gastric lavage?
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chocolate, iron tablets and other concretions
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T/F phosphate enemas are the enemy
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true. do not use them
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what's the normal dose of activated charcoal?
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10x the dose of the toxicant or 1 teaspoon per pound
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what kind of stuff does activated charcoal NOT work for
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small, polar, ionized particles
heavy metals |
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what do cathartics do? what's an example?
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decrease GI transit time (given with AC) but you don't want to use them in dehydrated animals
sorbitol |
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what imbalance can occur because of AC?
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hypernatremia
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what is very effective in removing oil/oil-soluble agents from the skin/fur?
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liquid dish detergent (NOT automatic dishwasher stuff)
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what about using pet/flea shampoos to remove agents from the skin/fur?
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no. use keratolytic shampoos.
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what should be used to remove stuff like sap/asphalt and glue traps?
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anything oily like peanut butter or vegetable oil followed with detergent.
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how long and with what should you flush out eyes?
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20-30 minutes with tepid tap water.
NOT visine |
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what's the most important thing when decontaminating birds?
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stabilize them first or the stress could kill them.
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when should you induce emesis in a bird?
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NEVER. do crop lavage with an e-tube.
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what's the drug of first choice for seizures?
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benzodiazepines ie valium
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how does strychnine cause seizures?
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competetive/reversible inhibition of glycine at the renshaw cells
so stops post synaptic inhibition in spinal cord and medulla (rigidity) |
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what does strychnine look like?
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red or green rat bait/seeds
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anxiety, rigidity, violent/tonic/tetanic seizures, sawhorse stance, little relaxation
dx? |
strychnine
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strychnine tx?
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diazepam + barbiturates maybe
artificial respiration fluids/lavage yadda yadda |
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what plant has signs very similar to strychnine? what is the toxic part of the plant?
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water hemlock
base of stem |
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how does clostridium tetani (tetanus toxin) work? how does it spread?
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prevents glycine release
retrograde spread up axon from wound! |
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sustained contractions w/o twitching + sawhorse stance+ lockjaw
dx? |
tetanus!
the sardonic grin too. |
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how do you treat tetanus?
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methocarbamol, diazepam, ace
tetanus antitoxin usually doesn't work though |
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t/f the tetanus antitoxin reverses clinical signs
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FALSE
only binds unbound circulating toxin |
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metaldehyde
-source -mechanism |
snail/slug bait
not really sure on mechanism interferes w/ GABA we think |
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salivation, anxiety, tremors followed by convulsions
dx? |
metaldehyde
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how do you diagnose metaldehyde? treat it?
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smells like formaldehyde
treat w/ AC and cathartic |
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5-FU
-source -mechanism |
efudex/fluoroplex aka skin tumor cream
interferes w/ pyrimidine + RNA fxn |
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what toxicant can suppress bone marrow in the long term
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5-FU
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how do you treat 5-FU?
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emesis if <30minutes
gastric lavage, AC, cathartic |
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vomit/diarrhea, polydipsia, hyperthermia, restlessness progressing to seizures.
dx? |
methylxanthines
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what's the standard tx for methylxanthines?
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"yakk and ace"
so emesis and phenothiazine |
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how do you get the total methylxanthine dose in a substance?
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you have to add theobromine and caffeine together
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how many hershey kisses in an ounce?
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5
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how do you treat guarana?
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control cardiac arrhythmias
control tremors/seizures u cath, fluids blah blah blah |
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what's the bad ingredient in homemade playdoh?
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salt
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what's the problem with eating paintballs?
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water deprivation
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what's the mechanism of sodium ion toxicosis?
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na inhibits glycolysis-->low ATP for Na/K pump-->sodium doesn't leave cells-->water pulled from brain
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what's the main thing you'll see on a CBC with sodium ion toxicosis?
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eosinopenia!
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what species gets eosinophilic perivascular cuffing?
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swine only.
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cows with ataxia, head pressing, blindness, tremors/seizures, fluid feces, big liver
dx? |
sodium ion toxicosis
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how do you treat acute sodium ion toxicosis?
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diaz for seizures
rapid IV fluids/plain water enemas |
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how do you tx chronic hypernatremia?
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need to be GRADUAL. hypertonic saline over several days
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paintballs are non-toxic right?
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the ingredients are, yes, but contents are osmotically active and dehydrate
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vomiting, ataxia, disorientation, muscle twitches, tremors and just yakked up something neon blue.
dx? |
paintballs!
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how do you tx paintballs?
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emesis! and lavage
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what about AC for paintballs and sodium toxicosis?
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a) doesn't bind sodium (metal) and
b) contributes to osmotic effect |
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what's the bad ingredient in ritalin, adderall etc?
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amphetamines!
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how are amphetamines absorbed in the stomach?
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poorly (weak base)
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how do amphetamines work?
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elevates dopamine and NE in the synapse
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hyperactivity, agitation, vocalization, hyperthermia, mydriasis, tremors/seizures
dx? |
amphetamines
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amphetamines tx?
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phenothiazines (ace)
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what should you NOT USE with amphetamines?
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benzodiazepines
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T/F cocaine is lipophilic and absorbed well from all mucosal surfaces
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TRUE
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cocaine mechanism?
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blocks NE, dopamine and serotonin reuptake
also blocks Na channels for local anesthetic effect |
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how long does cocaine last for?
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signs usually resolve within 24 hours.
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T/F cocaine and meth are rapidly absorbed and signs occur fast
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true.
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what happens to acid/base balance with cocaine and meth?
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acidosis!
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the ___ makes the poison
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DOSE
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what are the bad ingredients in Ma Huang? mechanism?
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ephedrine and pseudo
non-selective sympathomimetic NE release! |
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ma huang:
appetite fx vasc/cardio fx CNS fx |
appetite suppression
vasoconstr and heart stimulation CNS stim (mydriasis/tremors) |
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what do you NOT want to treat ma huang with?
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diazepam
can increase dissociative state |
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what necropsy findings with the amphetamines and ma huang and all these uppers? how do you confirm?
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none really
confirm with drug test kit |
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what is serotonin syndrome? 3 types of fx
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CNS (dementia, seizures)
autonomic (sal, vom, diarr) neuromusc (tremors, ataxia) |
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what are 2 serotonin antagonists?
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cyproheptadine and propranolol
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how do tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) work?
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block sero, dope and NE reuptake
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what are TCA fx on
-heart -GI/mucosa |
arrythmias in heart due to slowed conduction
anticholinergic so lower GI motility |
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vomiting, excitation, hyperthermia, tremors progressing to lethargy, ataxia, coma
dx? |
TCAs
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how do you treat TCA toxicosis?
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repeated AC doses
bicarb for acidosis valium? |
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why don't you want to use atropine or MgSO4 in treating TCA tox?
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atropine slows gut even more
MgSO4 don't know, but don't |
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what are phenelzine and selegiline? what does their toxicosis cause?
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MAOI's
serotonin syndrome |
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what are tremorgens?
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compounds that can induce serious tremors in one or more vertebrates.
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a dog got into got into some fermenting compost and now has wicked tremors.
ddx? |
penicillium (tremorgenic mycotoxin)
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besides garbage/compost/silage where can tremorgenic mycotoxin come from?
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walnuts, dairy, bread
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what are the 2 main tremorgenic mycotoxins?
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penitrem A and roquefortine
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you're in the southeast and you have a grazing animal that has fine muscle tremors that worsen with stimulation, are ataxic and have a wide based stance.
dx? |
dallis grass staggers! ergot infection of the seed head
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you're in the east or NW and you have a grazing animal that has fine muscle tremors that worsen with stimulation, are ataxic and have a wide based stance.
dx? |
ryegrass staggers! it's got a fungus
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species that vomit have a higher or lower MLD with zinc oxide/phosphine gas?
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higher!
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a dog has acetylene or "decaying fish" breath or garlic breath. what can this be and what did it eat?
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phosphine gas from zinc oxide ingestion
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if you can smell phosphine gas at all, what's the concentration. what's the minimum concentration for signs?
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1-3 ppm
7ppm |
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T/F lead fumes/particles are poorly absorbed in the lungs and absorbs best in the GIT of adults
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FALSE. well absorbed
and children absorb it better from the GIT |
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a dog gets shot. are you worried about lead poisoning?
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not really unless in a joint or abcess or somewhere acidic
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what does lead do in the body?
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pretty much everything bad. mainly neuro and GI fx though.
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over days to weeks a dog gets colic, a tense abdomen, is whiny, vomiting, stuporous, has paresis and grand mal seizures.
dx? |
lead
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what are acute vs subacute lead signs?
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acute - mainly neuro
subacute - GI and neuro |
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what happens to horses with lead?
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neuropathy, roaring
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how do you diagnose lead?
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WHOLE blood lead
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what are the histo lesions for lead in:
ruminants horse dogs/cats |
ruminants: laminal cortical cerebral necrosis
horse: axonal degeneration dogs/cats: cerebral edema |
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once again, what does AC not work well for, including lead?
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METALS
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what's the broad category of drugs to treat lead and the main example?
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chelators
Calcium EDTA |
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read about urea/npn and 4-methylimidazole L7 s28+
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ok.
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what do fumonisins come from?
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corn in hot, dry weather that's stored in high humidity
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if a cow gets fumonisins from corn, can you eat it or drink it's milk?
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YES
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an animal gets lead poisoning. can you eat it and how are it's babies going to do?
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NO
crosses the placenta = probably retarded |
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what causes porcine pulmonary edema AND equine leukoencephalomalacia?
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fumonisins from corn!
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you have some piggies that are dyspnic, open mouth breathing, cyanotic.
dx? |
fumonisins
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you necropsy a horse that died that had eaten some nappy corn and it has massive softening of the subcortical cerebral white matter.
dx? |
fumonisins (mycotoxins)
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you see horses with depression, blindness, ataxia, head pressing, circling, and ICTERUS.
tx? dx? |
fumonisins
no tx they're screwed |
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where do pyrethrins and pyrethroids come from?
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insecticides and flea meds
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what's the mechanism of pyrethrins?
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bind nerve cells near sodium channels to slow down opening and closing.
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WHEN should you give atropine in a pyrethrin toxicosis?
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NEVER it is not the antidote and it can make things worse.
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what are the 3 toxins in locoweed?
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swainsonine
nitropropanol glycoside selenium |
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what's the mechanism for locoweeds?
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accumulation of oligosaccharides via mannosidase inhibition
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how do you tx locoweeds?
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you don't
just get them away from the shiz |
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what causes equine encephalomalacia (ENE) aka "chewing disease"? how long does it take?
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yellow star thistle
weeks to months of feeding on it |
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you see a horse that can't swallow and dips its head in the trough to drink.
dx? |
yellow star thistle
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so for pretty much all of these large animal plant toxins, there's no treatment once signs appear.
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that's right.
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how does bromethalin (rat bait) work?
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neurotoxin _ NOT anticoagulant
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HOW does bromethalin cause neuro dz? are there any lesions?
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inhibits Na/K pump which jacks nerve conduction = paralysis
spongy degeneration of WHITE matter in CNS. |
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what are acute and chronic signs of bromethalin?
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acute = convulsant
chronic = paralysis |
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what's the toxin in bracken fern? what are the signs?
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thiaminase
weakness, weight loss, seizures |
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how do you treat bracken fern?
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thiamin injections and blood transfusions
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what's the toxin in horse tail?
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thiaminase
its just like bracken fern |
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your cat just ate raw fish. now it's drooling, anorexic and losing weight. what's the problem?
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thiaminase
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dog has acute onset of euphoria then depressioin. ataxia, bradycardia, dribbling urine.
dx? |
it's been tokin'!
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so pot and heroin and barbiturates, benzodiazepines and all these CNS depressants have pretty standard tx right? (emesis, AC, blah blah)?
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yes
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how to barbiturates work?
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enhance GABA and inhibit glutamate.
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what's a radiographic diagnostic for barbiturates?
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you can see some tablets that are radioopaque.
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benzodiazepines have a large or small margin of safety?
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large. LD is waaaaaaaay over therapeutic dose. BUT signs occur at very low doses.
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how do benzodiazepines work?
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enhance GABA
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what is the ingredient in heartworm that's a CNS depressant? what breeds to worry about?
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avermectins
collies, aussies, shelties |
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besides decontamination, what's another tx for avermectin tox?
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lipid therapy. binds lipophilic drugs.
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what is the major overall effect of all of these dewormers?
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CNS depressants
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which antiparasitic leaves a radio-opaque band in the collar?
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amitraz!
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what's a little different about amitraz tx?
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you can use a2 antagonists like yohimbine b/c its an a2 agonist.
DO NOT GIVE ATROPINE. |
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muscarinic agonists: general idea of what they do.
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squeeze things! so glands, lumens get squeezed and smaller. they squeeze junk out hence the secretions.
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what do muscarinic agonists do to the heart?
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decrease rate!
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so cholinergics aka musc/nic agonists give what kind of response?
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SLUDDE
sal, lac, urine, diarr, dyspnea, emesis. also bradycardia and miosis. |
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besides the standard, what drug for muscarinic mushrooms?
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atropine
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a horse gets the slobbers. what did it eat? tx?
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red clover infected w/ slaframine.
atropine |
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so what's the tx with these cholinergics aka musc agonists?
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atropine!
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what do tropane alkaloids do and what plant is an example?
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competetive MUSCARINIC Ach antagonists
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what drug can you give to tx tropane alkaloids aka antimuscarinic (like atropine)?
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propranolol
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you get a horse with mad ileus and torsion in the LI and impaction colic. it ate some plant. what was it?
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solanaceae plant like JIMSON weed
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what is solanine?
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an alkaloid joined to a sugar (musc antagonist)
solanum plant spp |
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what are the effects of solanine the alkaloid musc antagonist?
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GI irritation hardcore. not really neuro though.
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what are the 2 big cholinesterase inhibitors aka INDIRECT musc agonists.
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organophosphates and carbamates
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so what's the dumbasses interpretation of the SLUDDE response?
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fluid coming from every orifice basically
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so if muscarinic is the SLUDDE response, what does nicotinic do?
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muscle twitches, tremors
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why do OPs and carbamates need to be treated quickly?
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they "age" and once they do ur done.
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what exactly is anticholinergic "aging"?
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loss of an alkyl group after phosphorylation
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read 16-36 of L11.
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OK.
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