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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where is the site of action of protein hormones vs steroid hormones?
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protein - cytoplasm
steroid - nucleus |
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reproductive hormones have relatively _____ half lives
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short
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episodic hormone secretion patterns are generally associated with what kind of control?
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nervous (ie GnRH)
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what kind (episodic, basal, sustained) of secretion pattern do steroid hormones follow? what about GnRH and PRL (prolactin)?
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sustained
GnRH = episodic/pulsatile PRL = basal |
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what're the very basic steps of repro hormone cascade from progesterone to follicular development?
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inc p4 -> dec GnRH -> dec FSH/LH -> dec follicular development
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what's the very basic steps of repro hormones from estrogen to ovulation?
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estrogen -> inc GnRH -> inc FSH/LH -> ovulation
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what repro hormones stimulate the gonads?
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FSH/LH
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draw out the relationship between E and LH secretion in a female over 40 days. L1 S14.
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ok.
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what are 4 causes of anestrus?
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pregnancy
stress lactation season |
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what's the chemical that regulates photoperiod?
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melatonin
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what chemical is used to signal % body fat in mares and who cares?
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leptin from adipocytes. influences GnRH and is a big part of long day breeding
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how long after parturition till a beef cow starts cycling again?
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7 weeks.
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go draw the graph of the 21d estrus cycle. L1 S29-30.
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ok.
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what are likely the only follicles you can palpate?
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dominant
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what 2 hormones are used in estrus synchronization?
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P4 and PGF2a
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what kind of placenta in the ewe? the mare and sow?
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ewe - cotyledonary
mare, sow - diffuse |
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what sheep is big with a dark face and used for meat?
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hampshire
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what sheep are all white?
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cheviot
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what do columbias and corriedales look like?
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columbia - white face
corriedale - look the same but with a darker nose |
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what is flushing?
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increasing nutrient uptake 20-20% 2-3 weeks prior to breeding
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how many ewes can a baller ram breed?
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50+
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what's the sheep conception rate 1st and 2nd service?
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65-80% 1st
90% second |
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when can you preg check sheep with:
xray laparotomy vag biopsy butt palpation |
xray 50d
laparotomy 35d vag biopsy 40d palpation 70-110 days |
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pregnancy toxemia in sheep:
who gets it when does it happen? |
usually fat overconditioned ewes with multiple fetuses OR very thin ewes with multiple fetuses
last 1/3 of pregnancy |
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what are 3 factors affecting pooberty onset time?
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time of lambing
nutrition breed |
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T/F different sheep breeds can have different gestation times
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true.
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what should you see first when a lamb is coming out?
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nose and 2 feet
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T/F you can breed a ewe while she is lactating
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false
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when should a ewe's uterine involution happen?
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30d
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sheep shit:
-nutritional supplement during gestation -peak milk production -weaning time |
-50% incr in last third
-peak milk at 2-3 weeks -8 weeks |
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what's the acceptable level of sheep zygote loss?
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30%
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what are 3 causes of sheep infertility?
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estrogenic compounds (legumes)
Se deficiency starvation |
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what are 2 causes of ewe abortions?
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stress
pregnancy toxemia |
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when should you intervene in a ewe dystocia?
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1 to 1 1/2 hours
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when in gestation does vag prolapse happen in sheep? what about uterine prolapse?
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late
uterine postlambing |
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what causes epididymitis in peripoobertal ram lambs?
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actinobacillus seminus
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how do you diagnose goat pregnancy?
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cervical palpation, soft at day 30 and too far in day 50
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how do you induce goat parturition?
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same as ewe + PGF2a at day 142-144
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what's the main cause of buck infertility?
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spermatic granuloma (genetic)
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what species of goat is a habitual aborter?
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angoras
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what KIND of vaccines should be used in cervids?
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killed products only
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what are 5 big things to worry about with cervid health in general?
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selenium
copper internal/external parasites TB brucella |
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how heavy is an ostrich egg? how long do they incubate? very important apparently.
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1200 to 2300 grams
42 days |
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you're inspecting a male llama and can't find the sack. whatup?
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it's perineal and nonpendulant (normal). so stroke the sandbar.
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ask which one is the dick on L5 S13.
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ok.
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how much jizz from a he-llama?
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3mls
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how do you induce ovulation in llamas with hormones?
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GnRH
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when will the CL regress if no pregnancy in llamas?
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10-11d
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T/F llama pregnancy is CL dependant
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TRUE
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how long do llamas do it for?
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30 minutes on average
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what kind of placenta for llamas?
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diffuse epitheliochorial
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how do you diagnose pregnancy in a llama?
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transrectal U/S at 15d
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when do llama births happen?
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in the morning.
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what's a baby llama called?
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cria
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what species is RARELY induced to give birth?
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llamas
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what vaccine does a neonatal llama get?
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tetanus
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what are 3 congenital defects you look for in a cria?
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patent anus
cleft palate choanal atresia |
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what are 2 causes of she-llama infertility?
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endometrial cysts
cystic ovaries |
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what is some preventative medicine in llamas?
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Selenium, Vitamin E
nutrition colostrum bank clean area for parturition deworming |
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how many MM in an inch (important for palpation)
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25.4
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where does cow fertilization take place anatomically?
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AI junction
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what's the big artery that we worry about in cows repro tract?
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the middle uterine artery
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what's important to know about the bovine cervix for passing pipettes?
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the rings are a little offset
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cotyledon vs caruncle
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fEtal cotylEdon
mAternal cAruncle |
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what 3 things come from the anterior pituitary?
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FSH
LH PRL |
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what comes from the posterior pituitary?
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oxytocin
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so between E2 and P4 which is the "agitator" and which is the "peacemaker"?
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E2 is the agitator
p4 is the peacemaker |
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what's up with p4 and e2 to get estrus behavior?
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e2 is rising
p4 is falling |
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what allows the ovulatory follicle to develop (hormone-wise)?
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PGF2a increases, p4 and inhibin decline and FSH and LH increase!
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explain in detail what terminates the luteal phase during the normal cow estrus cycle. there's 7 steps.
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follicular waves make e2->e2 incr oxytocin receptors->oxytocin does myometral contraction->contraction does PGF2a release->IFN-t not made so PGF2a induces luteolysis which reduces P4->low p4 inhibits GnRH->LH peak = ovulation
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T/F puberty doesn't imply the best time to breed.
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true
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when do cows hit puberty based on BW?
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40% of adult BW
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what does p4 do to the uterus?
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makes it secretory
decreased myometrium action, better at expanding |
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what are FSH and LH doing during gestation.
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no change really
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what is the cause of hydroallantois? of hydroamnios?
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allantois - placental dysfunction
amnios - abnormal calf |
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what hormone is decreased in the heifer AND the calf to start parturition?
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p4
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parturition is centered on the activation of the _____ axis in the fetus.
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HPA
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which of the following parturition complications can be PREVENTED?
-large baby/small mom, metabolic dz/obesity, pelvic abnormalities, infectious abortion, trauma |
ALL can be prevented
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what are 4 cow birth problems that CANNOT be prevented?
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malposition
uterine torsion posterior presentation hydrops |
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what's the biggest thing to remember with dystocia management?
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LUBE! and always check for one more.
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give 3 ways to check calf viability in an anterior presentation of parturition.
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mouth reflexes
pedal reflex heartbeat |
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review the chart on determining how to deliver a calf L13 S16.
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ok.
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go find out how long cow epidural lasts. and how long surgical correction of urovagina lasts.
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ok.
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what 2 muscles are incompetent and lead to vag prolapse? when are they common relative to term?
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constrictor vestibuli and vulvae
common in late term |
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what is a "Caslick's" episioplasty for vag prolapse?
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debride and trim
suture deep to superficial reinforce with Halsted or Quill |
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3 indications for a C-section in a cow. what's the "key"
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dystocia
in vitro calves down, term cow key is exteriorization of uterus |
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what's the major catalyst of most cow periparturient conditions?
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milk fever
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why are stanchions not a good idea regarding uterine prolapse? what's the age at greatest risk for prolapse?
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in stanchions, the uterus can just fall out due to gravity
1st calvers |
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what's the ideal position for treating a uterine prolapse?
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sternal with legs straight back
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what's the cutoff for dx'ing retained fetal membranes?
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24 hours
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what are 3 conditions associated with retained fetal membranes?
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too long gestation
too short gestation prolonged parturition |
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what's the treatment for retained membranes?
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prevention withe se, ca supplement
and abx and pulling gently |
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you've got a down cow that's just flaccid as heck. what's the first thought and tx?
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milk fever
give calcium |
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what's the difference ON PALPATION between metritis and pyometra?
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pyometra feels water filled, like a pregnancy
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which do you need a CL for, pyometra or metritis? when do you usually see each one?
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pyometra for sure
metritis >14d postpartum pyometra >30d postpartum |
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what's the bug that makes the pus in metritis/pyometra usually?
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actinopyogenes
e.coli too |
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pyometra/metritis:
-breeds -calving time of year |
large breeds
4th and 1st quarter calving (cold out) |
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what about systemic and intrauterine abx for pyometra and metritis?
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neither work super good.
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what are 5 treatments for pyo/metritis?
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abx
ecbolics (e2, oxytocin) pgf2a GnRH disinfectants |
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what can cystic ovaries do to milk production? and what 3 things is COD associated with?
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NOTHING
stress corticoids endotoxin |
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what age of heifer gets COD usually?
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2nd through 5th parity
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what age heifer gets pyo/metritis?
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first or > third parity
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what are 3 tx for COD, and what do they all have in common?
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GnRH
HCG P4 all involve jacking up LH |
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what's the difference in tx'ing cows and heifers for COD?
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cows = at time of dx
heifers = end of pre-breeding season |
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what are 3 types of anestrus and their common feature?
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pubertal, post partum, postservice
low levels of LH |
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what is a freemartin? what is the big cause?
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female born co-twin to male and gets masculinized
membrane anastamose at 28d |
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is there a difference in preg rate with primary vs 2ndary estrus signs?
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primary 60-75%
secondary 20-30% |
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how many months of gestation should you "dry up" a pregnant dairy cow?
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7 months i think. or 50 days post-calving.
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how long is a dairy cow's dry period?
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60d
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how many days post-fertilization does maternal recognition occur?
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15-16d
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what should be the first step of a cow rectal exam?
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preg check that ho
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what is the beef vs dairy calving interval? what about heifer vs cows?
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beef 12m
dairy 13-15m heifers higher rate than cows |
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bovine:
preg rate fert/conc rate fert failure rate EED rate |
preg 50%
C/F 80% failure 20% EED 30% |
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what's the most sensitive indicator of individual homeostasis?
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reproduction
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what's more important for the breeding season, the bull or the cow?
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THE BULL
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what kind of return per cow do you expect with a BSE?
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$17/cow
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structural faults on a BSE are heritable/inheritable
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inheritable
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what do the seminal vesicles, prostate, and ampulla do?
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sv = volume/protein/sugars/salt (mmmmmm)
prostate - ionic compounds ampulla = sperm storage |
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how long is.....
gametogenesis epididymal transit |
gameto = 61d
transit = 7-13d |
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what's special about the prepuce in polled breeds? of brahmans?
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tends to prolapse b/c of lack of retractor penile muscle
brahmans = pendulous |
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what's more important in jizz, motility/morphology or volume?
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motility/morphology
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what's a normal jizz volume in a bull?
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5ml
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what's the cutoff for sperm morphology "normal"? how many cells need be counted?
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at least 70% normal
100 cells |
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how is "sperm count" measured in bulls?
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scrotal circumfrence!
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T/F electrojizzulation does NOT give a reliably countable sperm sample
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TRUE
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what must a "satisfactory potential breeder" pass?
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physical exam
scrotal circumfrence motility >30% morphology >70% normal |
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T/F libido and mating ability are related to BSE results
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false
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how is trich transmitted in cows?
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ONLY by breeding!
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what does trich fetus do in the bull? what age is more likely to be infected?
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NOTHING. no effects. lives in the smegma.
older bulls more likely to get infected and by the way the stay infected FOR LIFE. |
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trich fetus in cow:
-fx on conception -how long before clinical signs -day 18 stuff |
-doesn't prevent conception
-45-60 days for clinical signs -before 18d = "normal" estrus return -after 18d = fetal death and cycle return (most common) |
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where does trich fetus colonize in the cow and what 2 outcomes are there based on location?
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vagina - inflammation
uterus and oviducts - abortion |
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herd trichomoniasis:
-calving season -abortions -how to dx -cow estrus? |
-extended calving season
-abortions usually not seen b/c of stage -u/s can show dead fetuses -cows return to estrus late in breeding season |
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how do you sample a bull to diagnose trich?
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vigorous sheath scraping
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what's trich treatment?
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nothing
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how do you handle a trich infected herd?
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segregate females!
over 5m preg are safe under 5m preg separate cull non-preg cows and heifers |
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what's the trich vax protocol?
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2 doses for immunity!
1 month prior to breeding then 5-7d prior to breeding |
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vibrio:
causative agent clinical signs |
campy fetus
repeat breeders, EED, low conception rate |
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how do you treat and prevent vibrio?
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vax for both
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heat detection (or TAI) times the conception rate during a 21d period = ??
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pregnancy rate!
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