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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do we need Oxygen?
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Energy. With oxygen you more efficiently burn glucose and produce ATP to support all of our tissue functions.
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Example of Interation with Biological Levels
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The individual breathes air from the atmosphere and that supports molecular processes in the cells.
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Two meanings of Respiration
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1. the organism level - the act of gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen)
2. the cellular level - aerobic respiration, production of ATP. Metabolism |
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Main organ for the respiratory system
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the lungs
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How are cardiovascular system and Respiratory System Related?
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Cardiovascular transports oxygen to tissues. these two systems are related both anatomically and functionally.
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What are external nares?
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nostrils that lead to nasal cavity
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1. What divides the nasal cavity
2. What is it made of |
1. the nasal septum
2. the nasal septum is made of cartilage and bone. |
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What makes up the nasal cavity
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It is lined with mucous membranes and is composed partly of epithelial tissue and a small portion is olfactory epithelium with receptors for smell.
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the sensory olfactory neurons form which cranial nerve
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Cranial Nerve Number 1
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Olfactory Receptors are......
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Afferent Neurons for smell
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Where is the mucus produced ?
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by goblet cells in the epithelial tissue
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1.What are cilia and their purpose?
2.Are these the nose hairs? |
1. microscopic hairs on surface of cells that trap the gunk coming in and either send gunk down the throat to be swallowed or we blow it out.
2. No nose hairs also do this but are in nasal cavity and are not microscopic. Mucus, Cilia and hairs are all to help clean the air we breathe. |
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What are nasal conchae
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They are turbinate bones in nasal cavity. not very impressive in humans. we have superior middle and inferior nasal conchae.
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Meatuses
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The spaces between the conchae. air flows through these spaces they helps to warm and humidify the air before it goes down into the lungs. very cold air could damage the delecate tissue of the lungs.
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What is the pharynx?
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A muscular passageway for food and air. Also known as the throat.
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What is the Nasopharynx?
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Air enters nasopharynx from nasal cavity through internal nares. Nasopharynx is separated from oral cavity by soft palate.
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What is Oropharynx?
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Root of the tongue, associated with mouth.
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What are Uvula and Pharyngeal Arches?
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Uvula means "grape" hangs down in back of oropharynx, they are surrounded by the pharyngeal arches that are muscular and contain the palantine tonsils.
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What is Laryngopharynx?
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Situated between hyoid bone and enterance to Esophagus.
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What are the pharyngeal tonsils/adenoid? (different from plantine tonsil)
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They are collections of lymph tissues. Lymph fluid flows through and they have collections of white blood cells (lymphocytes) to keep us healthy because the nose and throat are open to bacteria and other bad stuff that comes in through food or air. When they swell this is an indication of white blood cells multiplying to fight the incoming toxins.
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What does the Larynx (voice box) consist of?
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1. epiglottis
2. thyroid cartilage 3. cricoid cartilage 4. vocal folds 5. glottis (protects opening of larynx |
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What are the functions of the larynx?
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1. Passageway for air
2. Produces sound (as humans we can use this sound along with our lips and facial muscles to produce specific intelligible speech). |
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What happens when boys change their voices in puberty? Why are men and woman's voices different.
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Testosterone targets hyaline cartilage of the thyroid cartilage. thyroid cartilage grows and makes the vocal fold longer and voice gets deeper . there are sex differences in sound of other mammals too!!!
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When someone is intubated what does that mean?
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A tube is put down into their trachea to enable them to have an open airway. the epiglottis/glottis helps to guide EMT's to the trachea to make sure they are inserting the tube correctly.
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What is the Trachea and what is it made up of?
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A passageway for air. it consists of 15-20 tracheal cartlidges made of hyaline cartilage rings. It is about 4 inches long. it is lined with respiratory epithelium and this is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue.
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Trachea consists of two sections:
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Anterior Trachea: has a C-Shaped hyaline cartilage lined with respiratory epithelium.
Posterior Trachea: back wall .... made of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue (esophagus). |
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What happens when we eat?
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Food dumps down esophagus that pushes trachea forward because of smooth muscle in the back there is flexibility when food is in there. it is a structural relationship. the structure means the trachea remains open and you can still swallow food.
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When the trachea divides into the lungs there are two ...........
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Primary Bronchi. they enter at the roots of the right and left lung, called the HILUS, medial surface of lung.
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What is the structure of the bronchi?
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They are made of cartilagenous rings that help keep them open. they are branched/tree like. Branches get smaller as you go into the deeper surface of the lungs.
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Describe the lungs?
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Conical in shape. Top part of lungs comes up behind clavicle and base rests on diaphragm. Diaphragm movement makes air move in and out of lungs. we have two left and three right lobes of lungs because of the heart it is not equal.
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What is are the membranes that line the thorax cavity and lungs called?
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Outer most covering - parietal pleura
on walls of thorax Visceral pleura covers surface of lungs. very little fluid between those two membranes but some to cause them to adhere. Very important for breathing that they adhere. |
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Why is the relationship between the two pleura VERY important
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The pleura sticking together means that when you breathe in and your thorax gets bigger the parietal pleura pulls the visceral pleura with in which helps to inflate the lungs. Pulling on the pleura inflates the lungs.
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What occurs with Pleurisy (Inflammation of Pleura)
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It is usually bacterial in origin, every breath hurts because there is a reduction in pleura fluid which causes the pleuras to have a lot of friction while breathing
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What are all the branches of the Bronchi?
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1. primary bronchi branch off the trachea.
2. secondary (Lobar) bronchi 3. Tertiary Bronchi 4.Bronchioles get smaller and smaller and become respiratory bronchioles. Altogether form the bronchial tree. |
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What are Respiratory Bronchioles?
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They are part of the "respiratory Zone". they lead to the alveolis which are the tiny sacks that are the site of gas exchange.
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What occurs with Asthma?
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The bronchioles are mostly smooth muscle, it spasms and constricts because of an inflammatory response to may an allergen. When you constrict the bronchiolis they become smaller and you increase the resistance to airflow. you also build up mucus on the inside of the tubes and airways become obstructed. this is obviously a problem.
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Where does gas exchange occur?
VERY IMPORTANT |
It occurs between lungs and blood in the alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by tons of capillaries - we get the oxygen from the alveolis into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the tiny blood vessels and into the tiny alveoli.
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What tisssues make up the Alveoli?
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Simple squamous epithelial tissue. Squamous cells are very thin therefore the gases diffuse easily. there are approximately 350 million alveoli in the lungs. lots of place for gas exchange.
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What exactly is Gas Exchange?
How does it occur? |
The diffusion of CO2 and O2 across the walls of the alveoli.
It occurs because of concentration gradients across capillary-alveolus membrane. |
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How why do gasses flow?
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Pressure gradients. from high to low
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How is pressure measured?
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With mercury in a glass tube. the atmospheric pressure causes the mercury to move up the tube and it is then measured in mm.
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What makes up the air that we breath?
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21% is oxygen and the rest is nitrogen and carbon dioxide (mostly nitrogen)
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What is partial pressure?
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The pressure that one component of a mixture of gases would exert if it were alone in a container. e.g. oxygen is 21% of the air so if the atmospheric pressure measurers 760 mm Hg then the partial pressure of oxygen will measure 160mm Hg
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What is the difference in partial pressure (PP) of CO2 and O2 in lungs and in deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood.
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Air looses pressure as you breathe. 160mm in air. When they reach the alveolis the PP has dropped from 160 to 105mm hg. CO2 in alveolis is 40 mm hg. there is more oxygen. in pulmonary artery leading to lungs PP of O2 is 40. much has been given up to tissues. The PP of CO2 leading to lungs is 46 (no longer 40) and then the oxygenated blood back to heart is PP of O2 of 100 again. so deoxygenated blood picks up O2 in the lungs.
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What is the main bottom line of all the partial pressure discussion?
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Oxygen is used in the cells during the production of ATP. when that deoxygenated blood returns via the superior and inferior vena cava with a low PP of oxygen it is taken back to the lungs where the PP of oxygen is returned to a higher number. Carbon Dioxide will move to the alveoli because of the pressure gradient and then you breath it out.
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What happens to PP of oxygen as you climb in altitude?
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It DECREASES because atmospheric pressure decreases.
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What are Alveoli macrophages and what is their purpose?
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macrophages are derived from white blood cells also called "dust cells" . they phagocytize any foreign body that goes down into the deep tissues of the lungs, that escape the cilia.
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What happens to these macrophages "dust cells" with people who smoke?
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The toxins in cigerette smoke kill them which compromises the persons ability to fight infections. The dust cells get black from the tar that is deposited from the smoke
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What are surfactant cells?
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They produce a substance called surfactant that breaks the surface tension between the walls of the cells of the alveoli, in order for the alveoli to easily inflate as opposed to sticking together because of the moisture.
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What happens when premature babies are born with underdeveloped lungs?
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The problem is they are not yet producing surfactants, so they would take one breath out in the world and their alveolis would stick together. the solution is that when they are in the incubator a spray of surfactant is sprayed into their air space which helps them breath.
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What is the mechanism of breathing called?
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Negative Pressure. You make a container bigger (i.e. thorax with muscle action) and the pressure decreases. air goes from high to low pressure so therefore air will rush in.
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What is the main muscle for inhalation of air?
Secondary muscles? |
The diaphragm
Intercostals (between ribs), sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor |
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Oxygen consumption and energy efficiency is measured by???
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VO2. VO2 is not how much you inhale but how much your cells actually use. This tells you how fit you are.
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How do we adjust to the constantly changing demands of oxygen?
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Signals get sent to the brain:
Medulla Obligata is respiratory center. it receives messages from cranial nerve #9 glossopharangeal (afferent fibers) comes from corotid body and aortic arch that responds to blood chemistry. If you have high levels of carbon dioxide messages are sent to medulla to get rid of more carbon dioxide, breathe harder. the medulla responds by increasing respiratory rate and depth. PONS also important it adjusts rythmicity of medulla. |
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What part of your brain will over ride your Pons and medulla in order to hold your breath.?
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The cortex. The limbic system will modify your breath when you laugh or cry.
Breathing is unconsious yet it is associated with skelatal muscle movement which means there is some control by the nervous system. |
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What happens when you damage the phrenic nerve?
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You get hiccups.
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Pathway of Air
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Breath through your nose, air passes through nasal cavity, down nasopharanx then through glottis into trachea and divides into primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, and terminal bronchioles which lead to the respiratory bronchioles and then finally to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
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