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32 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Regional Polity
Environment |
rich in resources
opportunities for trade large-scale intensification artificial facilities lines of ownership over land |
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Regional Polity
Population |
High w/ wide variation
variation due to differences of economy and method of intensification |
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Regional Polity
Technology |
complex
large-scale intensification major capital improvements technology for trade (canoes, roads, wagons, etc.) ownership over technology |
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Regional Polity
Soc Org of Prod |
hierarchal
specialization stratification family remains basic unit of production large products require the mobilization of entire community markets may depend on administration and finance from elites regional ethnic divisions can exist in larger polities |
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Regional Polity
Warfare and Territoriality |
warfare to expand and conquer
warfare for economic benefit of elite expanded military brings local peace surplus finances military |
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Regional Polity
Political Integration |
incorporates large regions with thousands of subjects
regional institutions of power unite otherwise unrelated regions and peoples institutions must be financed by surplus |
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Regional Polity
Stratification |
economic domination
division into the ruling class and producing class racial, religious, and gender inequalities can emerge material culture reflects social divisions |
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Regional Polity
Sanctity |
To flaunt power of the elite
ceremony to unite the disparate peoples over the large territory creates a sense of camaraderie and common origins, which replaces strive for autonomy legitimizes class divisions glorify and legitimize institutions: military, religion, etc. pacify unrest through fear → public punishment |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Environment |
islands are small, have unvaried resources, & are in physical isolation
warm & humid, rely on seasonal rainfall village made up of private and public spaces that mirrors the division and integration of the subsistence and political economies |
located on the flat coral islands near New Guinea’s eastern tip
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The Trobriand Islanders
Population |
population is constricted due to environment
about 100 persons / sq. mile 3.2 people in a household dala (small villages) = ~ 65 people local group / cluster of 2 - 6 dala = ~ 300 people |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Technology |
intensive agriculture & fishing, little foraging
taro gardens polished stone axes baskets objects from carved wood lime that is chewed with betel nuts to release a stimulant complex trading canoes |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Social Org of Production |
household as basic unit of production
cultivation done by the village garden magician and chief decide the location of a garden standard plots (legwota) = prominent positions in the gardens used for elite men = food procurement → heavy agricultural activities, main traders and wood carvers (canoe construction) women = food preparation → garden, forage for shellfish, prepare food, care for children, produce goods dala = corporate group that owns territory for farming |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Warfare/territoriality |
occasional warfare between local groups during times of famine and for political purposes
regional polities regulates warfare and creates conditions of comparative peace |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Political Integration |
trade with structured gifts, ceremonial distribution (kula), and for subsistence products
chiefs maintain peace for trade to occur intermarriage binds groups, large annual yam payment to in-law family political competition between chiefs for regional control |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Stratification |
garden magician
settlement system is hierarchal → larger dance grounds, display storage structures, & elite residences are at center → centrality of a settlement to resources determines the rank of its leader dala owns the land, but dala leaders allocates assess to it leader appoints a garden magician leader of highest ranking dala is the cluster leader tributary relationship giving of yams to chiefs with many wives is reciprocated with a flow of goods and “female wealth” |
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The Trobriand Islanders
Sanctity |
legwota = used for ritual gardens
food is prominently displayed on all ceremonial occasions → gives people a sense of security, pride, and well-being competitive yam harvests and kula voyages to elevate a chief’s status |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Environment |
7 major islands
made up of the peaks of volcanic mountains rainfall varies greatly across islands, & critically determines local subsistence strategies 3 major zones made available 3 types of exploitation: intensive agriculture fishing hunting & foraging |
north-central Pacific, just within the tropics
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Population |
200,000 - 300,000 on islands divided into 4 large competing chiefdoms
30,000 - 100,000 per chiefdom (prehistorically) 39 - 200+ persons / sq. mile |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Technology |
intensive agriculture
irrigation, terracing, & drainage systems allowed for year-round cultivation dominant crop, taro, grown in irrigated pondfields → comparatively small scale & easily managed short-fallow shifting cultivation domesticated animals hukilau = a fishing technique involving a large party fishing equipment for offshore canoes Puddling = manmade ponds to raise fish → simple technology |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Soc Org of Prod |
family as basic unit of production
women could be community chiefs, but the paramount chief was always a man chiefs monopolized pig husbandry women foraged for shellfish & crabs organized & balanced labor division to protect male mana, or sacred power men cultivated the sacred taro & did all else involving gods |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Warfare and Territoriality |
warfare to expand & conquer
when a paramount chief died the island would be split into warring regions supporting rivals going for the position chiefs were warriors chiefs had to maintain peace so the dispersed & unfortified communities could produce |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Political Integration |
high-ranking chief was polygamous
married within lineage to solidify political position of children married outside lineage to create alliances trade was limited & took place mainly within communities chiefs managed inter-community conflicts |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Stratification |
2 rigidly divided classes: commoners & chiefs
households clustered into communities, sometimes surrounding a Big Man communities organized by an egalitarian ethos chiefs organized hereditarily on major islands status received through both parents - bilateral 3 levels of chiefs based on rank in ruling line: → paramount chief → district chief → community chief land managers appointed by chiefs |
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The Hawaiian Islanders
Sanctity |
religious institutions legitimized the chief’s control
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The Basseri
Environment |
live in tents along the arid steppes & mountains of Fars province
seasonally nomadic pastoralists agriculture only possible with irrigation |
Southern Iran
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The Basseri
Population |
16,000 people
2 persons / sq. mile made up of pastoralists camps of 10-40 tents in good conditions oulad = territorial units of 40 - 100 tents |
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The Basseri
Technology |
economy centers on production of meat & milk from sheep & goats
animal hides for tents, clothing, storage containers, ropes, etc. |
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The Basseri
Soc Org of Prod |
family as basic unit of production
family owned property men handle herds women spin & weave friendship within hamlets as important as kinship friendship with agriculturists are basis for trade chief works to avoid “tragedy of the commons” |
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The Basseri
Warfare and Territoriality |
inter-camp violence is rare
intergroup warfare is unknown |
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The Basseri
Political Integration |
don’t rely on extended networks, markets are for security
hamlets disperse & aggregate when needed chief communicates with Iranian population |
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The Basseri
Stratification |
households are economically autonomous
camp leaders with little power paramount chief & family live in city of Shiraz, very wealthy chief allocates pastures in form of an il-rah chief alternates residence between towns to cement relations |
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The Basseri
Sanctity |
Not discussed
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