3 Pathology Cardiovascular Disease

Front 1

what is the definition of congestive heart failure

Back 1

failure of heart to pump an adequate amt of blood to supply the metabolic requirements of the organs..can be due to pathologic conditions inside or outside the heart

Front 2

ways to compensate for CHF

Back 2

myocardial hypertrophy
ventricular dilation
physiologic mechanisms (inc. HR, inc. intravascular volume, etc.)

Front 3

etiology (causes) of CHF

Back 3

IHD
hypertension
myocarditis
cardiomyopathy
valvular disease

Front 4

what happens if you have CHF

Back 4

RV failure:
congestion of liver (nutmeg)
congestion of spleen
edema of subcut. tissues
(feet and ankles)
LV failure:
pulmonary edema
LV and/or RV failure:
cerebral hypoxia
LV failure leads to RV failure

Front 5

cerebral hypoxia is caused by

Back 5

left or right ventricular failure

Front 6

pulmonary edema is caused by

Back 6

left ventricular failure

Front 7

congestion of liver (nutmeg) and spleen is caused by

Back 7

RV failure

Front 8

edema of subcutaneous tissues in feet/ankles is caused by

Back 8

RV failure

Front 9

RV failure causes

Back 9

congestion of liver (zonal/nutmeg pattern) and spleen; edema of subcut. tissues in feet and ankles

Front 10

___ ventricular failure leads to ____ ventricular failure

Back 10

left leads to right

Front 11

congenital heart disease is divided into 2 forms:

Back 11

cyanotic
non-cyanotic

Front 12

what causes cyanotic congenital heart disease

Back 12

shunting of poorly oxygenated systemic venous blood to arteries BYPASSING THE LUNGS
(patent ductus arteriosus, vsd, etc.)

Front 13

ductus arteriosis connects

Back 13

pulm artery to aorta

Front 14

tetralogy of fallot

Back 14

VSD
narrowing RV outflow
overriding aorta
RV hypertrophy

Front 15

what causes IHD

Back 15

narrowing of the coronary arteries at least 75% by atherosclerosis

Front 16

4 types of IHD

Back 16

angina pectoris
acute MI
chronic ischemic heart disease
sudden cardiac death

Front 17

what initiates coronary artery thrombosis

Back 17

fissure in the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque

Front 18

diagnostic tests for acute MI

Back 18

ECG changes
Elevation of serum enzymes (creatine kinase) and troponin derived from necrotic myocytes

Front 19

pathology of acute MI (the progression of what happens)

Back 19

coagulative necrosis (few hours)

neutrophil infiltration (few days)

granulation tissue (1 week)

scar formation (weeks/months)

C
N
G
S

Front 20

what is chronic ischemic heart disease

Back 20

gradual onset of chronic congestive heart failure with at least one large LEFT VENTRICLULAR SCAR (healed infarct); there is biventricular hypertrophy and dilation of all cardiac chambers

Front 21

the following symptoms describe which type of heart diseaes:
at least 1 large left ventricular scar (healed infarct), biventricular hypertrophy, dilation of all cardiac chambers

Back 21

chronic ischemis heart disease

Front 22

a patient has to survive at least ______ after a heart attack to be able to see it in an autopsy

Back 22

12 hours

Front 23

what are the 3 morphologic patterns of cardiomyopathy

Back 23

dilated
hypertrophic
restrictive

Front 24

dilated cardiomyopathy

Back 24

dilation of all 4 hrt chambers
familial in 25-35% of cases
poor ventricular contraction (systolic dysfunction)

Front 25

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Back 25

primary, genetic cardiomyopathy
point mutation
autosomal dominant
more hypertrophy in INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM than the left ventricle free wall
obstructs left ventricular outflow
cardiac disarray of myocytes

Front 26

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Back 26

decr. vent. compliance (stiffer wall)
impaired ventricular filling during diastole

Front 27

defn of myocarditis

Back 27

inflamm involving the myocardium

Front 28

most common cause of myocarditis in US is

Back 28

viral infection (enterovirus)

Front 29

myocarditis can be caused by

Back 29

virus (most common in US...enterovirus)
bacteria
fungus
parasite
toxing
hypersensitivity
auto-immune

Front 30

pathology of viral myocarditis

Back 30

lymphocytic infiltrate with foci of necrosis

Front 31

pathology of pyogenic bacteria myocarditis

Back 31

abscesses

Front 32

pathology of parasite myocarditis

Back 32

parasites infect individual myocetes

Front 33

pathology of hypersensitivity myocarditis

Back 33

perivascular inflammatory infiltrate with many eosinophils

Front 34

clinical manifestations of LV failure

Back 34

pulmonary edema and congestion resulting in dyspnea
chronic cough
orthopnea

Front 35

clinical manifestations of RV failure

Back 35

congestion of liver (nutmeg) and spleen
edema ("pitting") of subcutaneous tissue

Front 36

atrio septal defects are most common in

Back 36

adults

Front 37

ventricular septal defects are most common in

Back 37

kids and may close later in life

Front 38

tetralogy of fallot

Back 38

vsd
pulm. art. stenosis
aorta overrides vsd
rv hypertrophy

Front 39

sublingual nitroglycerin is used to treat

Back 39

angina pectoris and it dilates peripheral vasculature

Front 40

tests for acute MI

Back 40

ECG
elevated serum proteins (troponins T and I)
enzymes like creatine kinase (CK-MB)

Front 41

true or false: in myocarditis the inflammation is the CAUSE of the disease

Back 41

true