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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 sites where the Nervous system interfaces with the Endocrine system?
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1. Autonomic nervous system
2. Hypothalamic-Ant pituitary 3. Hypothalamic-Post pituitary |
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What are the 3 ways that the ANS interfaces with the endocrine system?
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1. Nerves
2. Renin 3. Adrenal medulla |
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What are the cell bodies that send signals to the anterior pituitary?
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Parvocellular cell bodies
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What hypothalamic nuclei contain parvocellular cell bodies?
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Medial nuclei
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Where do the medial hypothalamic nuclei that contain parvocellular cell bodies get input from?
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All over the CNS
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What do parvocellular neurons make?
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Releasing hormones - Neurohormones
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Where are neurohormones from parvocellular neurons released?
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At nerve terminals in the median eminence
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Where do the neurohormones go after being released in the median eminence?
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Into portal vessels to be carried to the anterior pituitary.
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What are the cell bodies that send signals to the posterior pituitary?
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Magnocellular cell bodies
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What are the hypothalamic nuclei that house magnocellular neurons?
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-Paraventricular nucleus
-SupraOptic Nucleus |
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What are the axons of magnocellular neurons like compared to those of parvocellular?
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Longer - they extend all the way to the posterior pituitary instead of just to capillaries.
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What happens when the magnocellular neurons are depolarized?
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An AP travels down the axon to the posterior pituitary where the hormones stored in its terminal are released into the bloodstream.
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What happens when parvocellular neurons are depolarized?
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The AP travels to the median eminence where releasing factors get into the blood, then these go to the ant pit to stimulate release of stored hormones there.
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What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
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-Oxytocin
-Vasopressin (ADH) |
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What is Oxytocin release stimulated by?
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-Cervical stretch in child birth
-Nursing |
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What is the effect of Oxytocin release?
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-Uterine contraction
-Mammary gland contraction (milk letdown) |
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What stimulates Vasopressin release?
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-Increased osmolarity of the ECF detected by osmoreceptors
-Decreased arterial pressure |
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What is the effect of Vasopressin?
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Water conservation
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What are the 2 inhibitory hormones released by the hypothalamus?
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-PIH - prl inhibiting hormone
-SST - somatostatin which inhibits growth hormone release |
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What are the 4 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus?
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CRH - stimulates POMC's
TRH - stimulates TSH GnRH - stimulates FSH/LH GHRH - stimulates GH |
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What stimulates CRH release from the hypothalamus?
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Stress
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What does CRH do?
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Stimulates ACTH release from the pituitary
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What does ACTH do?
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Stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex
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What does Cortisol do?
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Inhibits CRH/ACTH release
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What are the 4 physiological effects of Cortisol?
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1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Protein mobilization 3. Fat mobilization 4. Stabilizes lysosomes |
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Why is it good to make glucose, mobilize fat/protein and stabilize lysosomes?
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Because it relieves the stress
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What is Cushing's Disease?
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Overproduction of cortisol due to pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH
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What is the release pattern of CRH?
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Circadian
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Predominant symptom of Cushing's
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moon face
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What is the main controller of thyroid hormone release from the thyroid gland?
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Negative feedback by T3/T4
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What happens when the body needs more T3/T4?
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The hypothalamus releases TRH which makes the pituitary less sensitive to circulating T3/T4 so it can make/release TSH
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What are the physiologic effects of T3/T4?
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Increased metabolism
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What will the temperature of a person with hyperthyroidism be? Hypothyroidism?
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Hyper = Hot
Hypo = cold |
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What is the pathophysiological example of hyperthyroidism?
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Grave's disease
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What is Grave's disease?
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An autoimmune disease where antibodies bind the TSH receptor on follicle cells and activate T3/T4 synthesis
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What is another effect of the autoimmune reaction in Grave's?
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Exophthalmia
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What is Exophthalmia in grave's disease not due to?
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The increase in thyroid hormones
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What is a key diagnostic sign of hyperthyroidism?
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Low TSH and high T3/T4
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What type of thyroid conditions get goiters?
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Either hypo or hyper
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Why would a person with hypothyroidism get a goiter?
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Because the thyroid hypertrophies in its valiant attempt to produce T4
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How is growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary regulated?
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-GHRH stimulates release
-Somatostatin inhibits it |
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What are the physiological effects of growth hormone? (2)
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1. Release of IGF1 from the liver
2. Release of local growth factors in long bones |
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When does GH cause long bone growth?
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Only before puberty
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What will GH excess result in if it happens before puberty?
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Gigantism
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What will GH excess result in if it happens after puberty?
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Acromegaly
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What is the primary controller of prolactin release from the anterior pituitary?
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Dopamine released by the hypothalamus which inhibits Prl release
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What inhibits Dopamine release?
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Nursing and pregnancy
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What does Prolactin do?
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Stimulates milk production - not ejection
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2 physiologic effects of AVP:
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-Decreased free water clearance (increased water reabsorption)
-Vasoconstrictor |
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What is the difference between Diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia?
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Diab insipidus is really a lack of ADH; psychogenic is just a lack due to excessive drinking.
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