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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of capsule of the testicle and what does it create?
What allows the testicles to move freely within the scrotum? |
Fibrous extensions of the capsule (aka tunica albuginea), extend into the testicle to create lobules (each lobule has 1-4 sem tubules)
** visceral and parietal tunica vaginalis allow for frictionless movement |
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The seminiferous tubules are separated from the interstial CT by a ________. The lamina propria is the next layer, and it contains ________.
How many sperm are made in one day? How many days does it take to make one sperm? |
The seminiferous tubules are separated from the interstial CT by a basement membrane. The lamina propria is the next layer, and it contains myoid cells.
50-150 million sperm /day Takes 64days/sperm |
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What are the 2 different kinds of type A spermatogonia that are found in contact with the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules? What do they do?
What can type B cells do and where are they found? |
Dark type A: quiescent progenitor cells that will wither self-renew or make a pale type A
Pale type A: will self renew or make a type B Type B cells are no longer able to self renew. THey undergo mitosis and both dtr cells will leave the basement membrane |
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The type B spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce ______. Meiosis I then produces _______ which undergo meiosis II to make _______ and these undergo the process _______ to become ________
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The type B spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatogonia. Meiosis I then produces SECONDARY SPERMATOGONIA (23 X or Y), which undergo meiosis II to make SPERMATIDS and these undergo the process of SPERMATOGENESIS to become SPERMATOZOA.
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The immune system views sperm as being "foreign" b/c of their novel genetics. How do the testes protect the sperm from being recognized by an APC (and ratted out to a lympth node).
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The sertoli cells have cytoplasm that fills the tubules and they are connected to one another by tight junctions. (think tu-tu analogy). When the type B spermatogonia are ready to move up, a lower junction will open and an upper one will close, allowing the spermatogonia into the sertoli cytoplasm. (works like locks). Even in an APC sneaks in, it will just get ejected into the lumen and will thus be incapable of triggering an immune response.
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What are the 3 functions of a sertoli cell?
What 5 things do Sertoli cells produce? |
1. Control the progression of spermatogenesis (have FSH receptors)
2. Phagocytose the residual bodies (bits of cytoplasm) shed during spermiogenesis 3. Maintain the blood-testes barrier 1. Seminiferous tubule fluid 2. ABP - binds testost 3. Inhibin (negative feedback of FSH from ant. pituitary) 4. Mullerian Inhibiting Factor 5. Aromatase: converts testosterone to estrogen |
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What type of epithelium lines the lumen of epididymus (a highly convoluted tubule packed in vascular connective tissue)?
What do you find scattered in the CT? What is the function of the epididymus? |
-pseudostratified columnar with stereocillia (actually microvilla b/c they don't move!)
** scattered smooth muscle cells in the CT surrounding the tubules (inc in # as you approach the vas deference Function = stores and teaches swimming lessons to the spermies! |
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What are the 3 layers in the Vas Deferens and what does each layer contain?
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1. Mucosa - still has the pseudostratified columnar epithelium from the epididymus, and a connective tissue lamina propria.
2. Muscularis - has inner longitudinal layer (nuclei like dots), then middle circular layer (oval nuclie) and finally an outer longitudinal layer. 3. Adventitia = connective tissue |
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Seminal vesicles are not to be confuse with what?
What are the 3 layers of the sem tub? |
Don't confuse a seminal vesicle with a uterine tube - they are both folded!
1. Mucosa: highly folded, simple --> pseudostratified columnar epithelium supported by CT 2. Muscularis: inner circular and outer longitudinal 3. Adventitia - CT |
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The Prostate gland has a fibroelastic capsule. What is it's muscularis layer like (if any?)
What are it's internal glands lined with and how are they arranged? Why are prostatic malignancies often unnoticed? What test usually finds them? |
Smooth muscle cells are scattered throughout.
Glands are lined with simple --> pseudostratified epithelium. Arranged around urethra (moving out from urethra): - mucosal - submucosal - main prostatic ** Malignancies will grow first in the periphery of the gland and can thus go unnoticed as they will not compress the urethra. Usually found with a DRE. |
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What's one surefire way of knowing you're looking at a prostate gland?
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If it has big pink plaques in the lumen called corpora amylase or prostatic concretions.
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The cortex of the ovary contains follicles. Describe each of the following:
1. primary oocyte 2. primordial follicle 3. Primary follicle 4. Secondary follicle ** where and what is the zona pellucida? The theca? |
1. primary oocyte: large pale nucleus with nucleolus. These usually contain primary oocytes (as secondary oocytes will only appear just before ovulation, with the completion of meiosis I)
2. primordial follicle - single layer of flattened follicular/granulosa cells 3. Primary follicle - follicular cells cuboidal, and multi-layered. EC glycoprotein matrix lies between oocyte and inner layer of follicular cells. Theca surrounds the outer layer of follicular cells. 4. Secondary follicle - fluid filled spaces appear among the follicular cells |
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The theca externa is simply an outer fibrous layer. What does the theca interna do?
When does the primary oocyte complete meiosis one? |
Theca interna - secretes androgens that are taken up by follicular cells as a substrate for making estrogen.
The primary oocyte completes meiosis I just before ovulation. |
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What are the 4 steps in ovulation?
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1. A surge in LH that causes a disconnection of follicular cells.
2. The inhibitory signal (from follicular to oocyte) is lost and the oocyte completes meiosis I 3. the overlaying ovarian tissue becomes ischemic 4. Follicular cells secrete proteolytic enzymes and burst on out! |
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Following ovulation, the Graffian follicle forms the corpus luteum. What do the follicular (granulosa) cells do? How about the theca interna?
What happens if there is no implantation? |
The granulosa cells enlarge; they continue secreting estrogen and start secreting progesterone.
THe theca interna cells secrete prog & est and continue making andorgens. * If no implantation will regress to form corpus albacans (scar) |
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What is special about the uterin myometrium?
The endometrium is divided into a functionalis and a basalis layer. What is the role and blood supply of each? |
It is capable of hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy (allows for growth).
The stratum functionalis is sloughed at menstration, and is supplied by the helical arteries (constrict during menstration = ishcemia & necrosis) Basalis regenerates the functionalis layer and is supplied by the straight arteries. |
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What happens to the gland of the uterus during the:
- follicular (proliferative) phase - Luteal (secretory) phase |
- follicular (proliferative) phase: glands are dark - staining and straight
- Luteal (secretory) phase: gland are light staining and twisted * Progesterone induces the secretory state, the cells fill with glycogen and this is why they stain lighter |
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What are 2 ways that you could recognize the cervix?
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1. it has scattered smooth muscle fibers that are not organized into a muscularis layer (like the myometrium)
2. It has an abrupt transition from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium. ** the epithelium invaginates into the underlying CT to form branched, mucus-secreting cervical glands |
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Describe the following layers in the fallopian tubes:
Mucosa - Muscularis - Serosa - What happens to the folding as you approach toward the intramural region (ie towards the uterus?) |
Mucosa - simple columnar epithelium resting on a CT LP. Cilliated and non-cilliated secretory cells.
Muscularis - inner circular and outer longitudinal Serosa - continuous with the broad ligament The mucosa is highly folded in the infundibulum and ampulla (labyrinth) but it becomes progressively less complex as you go towards the uterus. |
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A non-lactating breast is mainly what 2 things?
What 3 things happen in the breast of a prego? What is responsible for the increase in size during puberty? |
Non-lactating: mainly CT and adipocytes
Prego: duct system develops, secretory alveoli bud from the smallest duct branches and the interlobular septum are reduced to thin septae. Deposition of adipocytes causes the increase in breast size during puberty. |
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How do you tell the breast alveoli from the thyroid?
How do mothers convey passive immunity? What cells help to eject milk? What hormone controls them? |
The alveoli are irregularly shaped
The breast is infiltrated with lymphocytes and this gives passive immunity to the baby. The myoepithelial cells that are found lining the alveoli. They are stimulated by oxytocin. |
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In what 2 ways does the breast secrete milk
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1. Merocrine: exocytosis of a membrane-bound vesicle that fuses with the membrane of the cell
2. Apocrine: little bits of the cell break off and take with them bits of cytoplasm |
