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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 things that can cause abdominal distension
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bloat
ascites uroperitoneum fetal hydrops prepubic tendon rupture |
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5 causes of weight loss
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decreased intake
maldigestion/malabsorption increased rate of protein/energy loss inadequate circulation/respiration |
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5 causes of decreased intake causing weight loss
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underfeeding
lameness pecking order poor dentition dysphagia esophageal obstruction |
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5 causes of maldigestion/malabsorption causing weight loss
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lactose intolerance
GI ulcers parasites diarrhea IBD neoplasia |
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4 causes of increased rate of protein and energy loss causing weight loss
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infection (pneum, pleur, periton)
PLE glomberular dz chronic pain cushing's |
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how do you determine body weight without a scale?
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girth weight tape
estimate BCS..... |
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what is the function of forages vs concentrates?
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forage = fiber for hindgut fermenting
concentrates = provide more energy |
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3 concentrates?
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single grain
sweet feed pelleted/extruded rations |
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what are the 3 components of horse diet?
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forage
concentrates supplements/vitamins/minerals |
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pregnant horse relative % forage and concentrates?
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same forage and need some concentrates 0 is not an option
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early lactation horse relative % forage and concentrates?
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higher both
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late lactation horse relative % forage and concentrates?
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same forage, slightly higher conc
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weanling horse relative % forage and concentrates?
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less forage, more concentrate
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yearling horse relative % forage and concentrates?
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slightly higher forage, more conc
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see slide 14 of part A
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ok.
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most equine diets are formulated based on what?
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energy needs of a given horse
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what are the 4 nutritional components?
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cho
protein fat energy |
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what are the 3 components of "energy"?
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cho (main) + fat (20%) and protein (rarely)
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hydrolyzable cho is ___ and fermentable cho is ______
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non-structural (intracellular)
structural |
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mono and polysaccharides are what kind of carbohydrate and where are they absorbed?
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hydrolyzable (intracellular)
in SI |
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2 types of forage
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grasses
hays |
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T/F forage alone provides enough maintenance energy for a normal sedentary adult horse on pasture
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true.
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what does grass do to stool?
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softer
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3 grass pasture examples
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kentucky bluegrass
coastal bermuda prairie |
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list 5 pasture management techniques
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rotation
fecal control trace mineral salt mental breaks avoid toxic plants/trees |
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hay is high in 3 things, what are they?
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fiber (roughage)
vit D calcium |
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when should cereal grass hays be cut?
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when green because the stem is unpalatable once cereal grain ripens and dries
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3 types of cereal grass hays?
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oat
barley wheat |
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what are 3 grasses that can cause cystitis/bladder paralysis from prussic acid?
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sudan grass
sorghum grass johnson grass |
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what is the most nutritious of the hays?
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alfalfa
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how much hay does a horse need to eat?
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10-20 pounds per day
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list the 7 hay types we talk aboot
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baling
grass legume (alfalfa) clover lespedeza round-baled haylage |
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which hay is widely grown in the souther US b/c of it's hardiness and drough-resistance?
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lespedeza
but it is kind of crappy and not super palatable |
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how can you make round-baled hay safe (it's kind of dangerous)?
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bale only after dried
store inside/covered remove all baling wire/string peel off moldy/wet layers use quickly |
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what is "pickled" grass? any problems?
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haylage!
theoretically anaerobic botulism can be a problem |
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what are the 2 most energy dense grains?
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oats and corn
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what are 4 ways to process grains?
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whole
cleaned dry heat wet processing |
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what's the most common AND most palatable single whole cereal grain in the US?
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oats
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list 4 advantages of oats
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highly palatable
highly digestible keeps well fiber 12% (safe) affordable |
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high protein oats have higher or lower digestibility?
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lower
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what are "clean" oats?
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foreign material removed so it's denser and more palatable and more $$$
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what is a groat oat?
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seed kernel w/o hull
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which cereal grain can be easily chewed and properly digested w/o any processing?
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oats
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processed oats (not whole):
-digestibility -chewing -nutrient loss -cost -timeframe |
more digestible
less chewing more nutrient loss way more $ should feed 2-3 weeks w/i process |
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what's the 2nd most common cereal grain in the US?
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corn
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what are 4 ways to feed corn and which should never be done?
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whole shelled
cracked crushed (both high dig) ground (NEVER) |
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corn:
-when to harvest -digestibility -moisture content when stored |
only when fully ripe
less than 14% moisture to store highly digestible |
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what are 2 "heavy" feeds?
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wheat and barley
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2 forms of wheat usually fed
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bran or middlings
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wheat bran:
-why fed? -high in what element? |
as a laxative mash for colic!
high P |
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4 problems in horses from inadequatetly baled/stored round hay bales
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baling wire/string
colic/bloat COPD ergotism |
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most palatable grain and cereal grain?
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grain = sweet feed
cereal grain = oats |
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why isn't barley fed more often? 2 real reasons.
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it's "heavy" ie "concentrated" and low in bulk. very compact and can cause GI upset.
also it's hard to digest if not crushed or ground |
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so barley is all you got. how do you feed it?
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crushed/ground and MIXED with bulkier feed to prevent colic
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what's the most common protein supplement?
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soybean meal
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what about whole soybeans?
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no no no they have trypsin (protease) which prevents protein breakdown so you need to heat them
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soybean meal:
-high in 3 things -low in 2 things -digestibility |
high protein, real high P, high Ca
low in fat and fiber highly digestible |
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3 big things in sweet feed
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oats
corn molasses |
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3 fxns of molasses in sweet feed
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flavor/palatability
improves mixing/consistency lower dust |
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how are pellets cooked and what are 4 advantages to this?
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steam
resist mold/decay preserves quality of diet lower dust |
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what are 4 disadvantages to pellets
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-if only feed pellets, that means less hay and more cribbing/chewing
-colic via high digestibility -$$$ -heat can kill vitamins |
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T/F fat has more energy than carbs
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true.
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when can a high fat diet be useful?
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tying up!
high fat allows low carbs |
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what's the easy rule for feeding fat?
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1 cup of corn oil twice daily on regular grain ration
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3 goals of supplements and do you need them?
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improve intake of E-, minerals and vitamins
many diets have enough w/o supplementation |
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what 2 e- are fed as salt supplements?
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Na and Cl
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what is the Ca:P ratio and which electrolyte is important in enzymes?
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1.5-2:1
Mg |
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which vitamin is synthesized in the liver?
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C
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what vitamin is made by LI flora?
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B12
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peripheral vs. central fatigue
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p = lower substrate available for blood/muscle ie glucose and FFA
C = lower blood/brain glucose, higher NH3 and *tryptophan* |
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how does tryptophan jack up fatigue?
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tryptophan -> up serotonin -> down motor drive
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5 nutritional mechanisms for "improving" horse performance
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diet manips
B vitamins antioxidants hematinics alkalinizers |
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4 dietary manips for exercising horses
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increased:
cho fat sugar beet pulp protein |
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what does forage (hay) do performance?
-hours before -right before |
incr gut fill which incr body weight which decr performance
right before: fluid into gut, decr plasma volume, lower cardio and thermoregulatory |
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T/F small forage meals 2-3 meals prior to exercise have little fx on substrate utilization
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true.
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T/F grain (hydrolyzable cho) consumed 3 hours prior to exercise can adversely affect performance (incr cho use and decr lipid oxidation)
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true.
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increasing dietary carbs:
-fx on performance -high intensity exercise fx -muscle glycogen fx -danger? |
no performance fx
high HR and blood LA incr muscle glycogen laminitis! |
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how is protein related to exercise?
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it's not! at all.
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2nd degree cushing's effect on weight
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LOSS
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which B vitamin is gut synthed?
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12
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which B vitamin is an ergogenic and how?
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thamin! B1.
coenzyme in pyruvate-> ac CoA conversion. so you have a higher anaerobic threshold because of lower blood [LA] |
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why don't hematinics "blood builders" really work in horses much?
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their spleen is a huge RBC reserve so they don't need them. ie they don't get Fe deficient under appropriate feeding conditions.
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3 alkalinizers
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na bicarb
na acetate na citrate |
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which "ergogenic" really does work and hence is illegal in racing?
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alkalinizers!
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when do you want to test for alkalinizers?
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closer to race time because warmups can confound AND acetate gives later peaks in pH, pCO2 etc than bicarb.
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define exhaustion vs. heat stress vs. heat stroke
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exh: severe fatigue w/ inability to continue. staggering, weakness, depression
h. stress: fatigue in hot/humid conditions w/ dehydration, heat retention, slow recovery responding to simply rx h. stroke: heat stress -> bad stuff |
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differentiate exhaustion/h. stress from heat stroke:
-TPR -CRT -sweating -GI sounds |
TPR goes UP after time with stroke
CRT WAY up with stroke NO SWEATING with stroke no/shitty GI sounds with stroke |
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treat heat stress/stroke
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shade
freezing cold ice water all over (no wet towels) IVF encourage drinking if stress |
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4 dietary steps to prevent heat stress
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minimize grain before race
allow endurance horses to eat fresh grass/drink OE pastes during race external cooling at rest stops |
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T/F VPCs are always bad news
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FALSE. occasional VPCs are not uncommon during exercise in normal horses
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3 reasons for atrial fib
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benign
E- imbalance in endurance exercise furosemide can make it worse |
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3 tx for AF in endurance horsies
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stop exercise
mucho IVF over 3-12 hours top dress grain w/ lite salt daily |
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"thumps"
-what? who? -cause -sign |
synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. endurance not race so much.
twitch/spasm in flank w/ heartbeat hyperirritability of phrenic nerve over the pericardium on left. from elecrolyte depletion |
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SDF treatment (3)
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stop exercise!
external cooling IVF (Ringer's, NOT LRS) 40-60L |
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lactation tetany:
-what -4 signs -chemistry -fix it |
basically milk fever
SDF, weak, recumbent total Ca is 4-6 (half) IV Ca dextrose and better Ca intake like alfalfa, grain, DiCal on top of grain |
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anhydrosis:
what who why fix |
partial/complete failure to sweat
moved from north to south E- imbalance One-AC (tyrosine, niacin, choline etc) |
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3 general colic causes
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gas/bloat
impaction parasitism |
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3 ways to help horse with bad teeth in diet
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pelleted/cubed hay rations
pelleted, extruded concentrates incr fat/energy density of concentrate |
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choke:
-main cause (exact) -prevention -key when treating |
gluttonous consumption of concentrate ration
feed small meals more freq. put rocks in feet tub so horse can't get huge mouthfuls DON'T LET THEM DRINK |
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what are 3 causes of gas colic
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increased grain (inc prod)
mold intake (inc prod) cribbing (inc intake) |
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3 gas colic prevention measures
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lock up grain
give good quality feed only cribbing strap, relieve boredom |
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5 causes of impaction colic
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overeating forage (hay esp)
FB crappy forage (low digestibility) dehydration around exercise low water intake |
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wintertime impaction colic?
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yeah, less thirst drive in cold weather. they don't like cold or hot water so mind the temperature when heating it up.
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4 ways to curb parasitic colic
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keep poop out of stalls
keep hay off floor feed grain in tubs deworm every 6-8 weeks |
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4 causes of dietary diarrhea
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normal alfalfa, green pasture eating
overeating CHO overeating NaCl (inc H20 drinking) intolerance in foals |
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how to avoid diarrhea in foals on milk replacer
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watch the brand
correct concentration don't overfeed watch rancidity in summertime |
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dietary cause of gastric ulcers and how to prevent
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high carbs low fiber
avoid that, and more frequent lower volume concentrate meals. also drugs. |
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3 dietary causes of enteroliths
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lower fresh grass intake
higher alfalfa hay intake incr sand content of soil |
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3 ways to prevent dietary enteroliths
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access fresh pasture mucho
grass hay if needed for forage feed off ground! |
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how does grain overload cause laminitis?
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cho intake->VFA production->gram negatives die-> endotoxin released->circulatory change in hooves-> laminitis
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how to treat (and pre-treat) for grain overload.
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NSAIDs (cox block) and mineral oil (absorb endotoxin)
prevention is curative |
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5 nutritional causes of developmental orthopedic disease
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energy excess
protein imbalance Ca:P imbalance Cu deficiency Zn excess |
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how does protein affect DOD?
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DOD often attributed to excess protein
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describe protein imbalance causing DOD
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mildly low protein with enough energy makes them gain weight but not bone strength = DOD
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what about Ca and P affects DOD?
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low Ca, low P, or low Ca:P
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how does Cu affect bones?
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it stabilizes bone cartilage, so lower = DOD
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how does zinc affect bones?
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increased zinc in diet, decreased GI Ca absorption. remember zn and CALCIUM NOT copper
so high zinc = DOD |
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what's the dietary remedy for ER?
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higher fat, fiber and lower CHO. also cut grain by 50% when not working.
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how can you treat PSSM with diet? 3 yes and 3 no
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low carb, high fat
grass hay (not alfalfa) no grain sweet feed w/ fat supplement |
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how can you prevent HYPP in hetero and homozygous horses. 2 big ones.*************
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lower K in diet! = grass/pasture NOT alfalfa, oats, NOT SWEET FEED!!, no molasses for meds use corn syrup
decr. K in horse! = furosemide/acetazolamide which are K wasting diuretics |
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3 nutritional causes for CVM
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overfeeding for fast growth
Ca:P outside the 1.5/1.0 ratio Cu,Zn deficiency |
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2 nutritional treatments for CVM
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low protein, low energy diet
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what's the dietary cause of EDM?
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predisposition to poor VE absorption
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what are 4 dietary contaminants that can test positive?
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caffeine
theobromine arsenic salicylic acid |
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what's equine senior like? 2 ID'ing factors
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pelleted for incr. digestibility high fat too.
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what's the dietary cause of stereopathies?
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boredom from shitty diet. mainly decreased fiber. you can increase freq and decrease meal size to help fix this.
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what can be a dietary cause of excessive nervousness?
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high CHO diets!
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what type of maple is toxic?
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the GREEN leaves that fall after a storm.
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what happens when cattle feed gets mixed with horse feed sometimes?
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ionophore toxicity! heart failure cuz coccidiostats from cow diets are reallll bad for horsies.
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what is "bran disease", "bighead disease", or "miller's disease"?
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nutritional 2ndary hyperparathyroidism.
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nutritional 2ndary HPT?
-diet cause -pathogenesis |
bran diet = low Ca, high P, these are detected by the PT gland which releases PTH and moves Ca from the bones and replaces it with fibrous CT.
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how to treat nutritional 2ndary PTH? 3 things including which grain ration you DON"T want
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higher Ca, lower P in diet.
grain ration should be oats/corn but NOT BRAN. top dress grain with DiCal. alfalfa hay. |
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list 4 DOD's
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CVM
angular deformities OCD physitis |
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what can cause goiter in foals?
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mares that aren't on ionized salt! note also have wicked angular limb deformities.
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what are some goitrogenic compounds (uncooked)? 2 big categories
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brassica! broccoli, b. sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, etc
soybeans too |
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how to dietarily prevent uroliths?
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mature grass pasture or hay
avoid high Ca hays like legumes grain w/ no added Ca |
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3 dietary causes of cystitis?
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prussic ACID!!
sorghums sudan grass johnson grass |
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fescue:
-problems -rx |
long preg, crappy foaling maybe death
domperidine to encourage milk production |
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4 urogenital problems with dietary causes
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fescue
cystitis uroliths mare reproductive loss syndrome |
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ryegrass staggers:
-eh? -when |
perennial ryegrass has a. lolii
lolitrems are mycotoxins. hindlimb paresis/staggers |
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look at leuko
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ok.
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EMND 4 dietary causes
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minimal turnout on drylots
no pasture, crappy hay mucho pelleted/sweet feed no VE supplementation |
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2 ways to dx EMND
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EMG or biopsy
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EMND 2 tx
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VE supplementation
good green pasture/hay |
