~3 - Digestive Tract And Development

Front 1

The GI tract begins as a hollow tube extending from what membrane to what membrane?

Back 1

the oropharyngeal to the cloacal membrane

Front 2

when in development does the GI tract form?

Back 2

4th wk - 7th wk

Front 3

what 2 layers contribute to the formation of the GI tract

Back 3

the endoderm & splanchnic mesenchyme

Front 4

what does the endodermal layer form in the GI tract?

Back 4

forms the endothelium & glands lining the gut

Front 5

what does the splanchnic mesenchymal layer form in the GI tract?

Back 5

forms outer layer & is responsible for muscles & ct

Front 6

what gene & signal regulate regional differentiation of the gut?

Back 6

Hox gene & Hedgehog signals

Front 7

what are the three base divisions of the GI tract?

Back 7

foregut, midgut, hindgut

Front 8

what is the main arterial supply for the foregut?

Back 8

the celiac a

Front 9

describe the extent of the foregut; what does it include?

Back 9

pharynx to the 2nd part of the duodenum just caudal to the enhance of the common bile duct; includes liver, gallbladder, & pancreas

Front 10

what is the main arterial supply to the midgut?

Back 10

Superior mesenteric a.

Front 11

describe the extent of the midgut.

Back 11

caudal duodenum, all small intestines, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Front 12

what is the main arterial supply to the hindgut?

Back 12

the inferior mesenteric a.

Front 13

describe the extent of the hindgut

Back 13

distal l/3 of transverse colon to cloacal membrane incl. rectum & superior 2/3 of anal canal; parts of urinary bladder & urethra

Front 14

the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity and abdominal viscera is called

Back 14

peritoneum

Front 15

name the two divisions of the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity and what they line/cover

Back 15

-parietal peritoneum- lines abdominal wall
-visceral peritoneum- covers the viscera

Front 16

______________ is a 2-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches part of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

Back 16

mesentery

Front 17

_____________
-is the peritoneal suspension of small intestines
-is where the visceral and parietal layers meet
-transmits vessels and nerves to the intestines
-have more specific names where suspending large intestines

Back 17

mesentery

Front 18

______________ is a 2-layered fold of peritoneum attaching the stomach to another organ

Back 18

omentum

Front 19

retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

kidneys

Back 19

retroperitoneal

Front 20

retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

stomach

Back 20

intraperitoneal

Front 21

____________ are layers of membranes between two visceral structures providing support

Back 21

ligaments

Front 22

the ___________ _________ is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum; it is also know as the ________ _____

Back 22

peritoneal cavity

the greater sac

Front 23

there is space posterior to the stomach called the ________ ____ or the ________ ____

Back 23

lesser sac or omental bursa

Front 24

the ________ foramen opens into the lesser sac or omental bursa

Back 24

the epiploic foramen (of Winslow)

Front 25

if an ulcer eats posteriorly through the stomach, the content will enter into the ________ ____

Back 25

lesser sac

Front 26

if you place your finger into the epiploic foramen (of Winslow) the lesser omentum runs over it; name the 3 tubular structures running in its free edge in the __________ ligament

Back 26

in the hepatoduodenal lig.:
1) hepatic portal v.
2) common bile duct
3) proper hepatic a.

Front 27

describe the orientation of the tubular structures in the hepatoduodenal lig.

Back 27

anterior:
-right = common bile duct
-left = proper hepatic a.
posterior:
-hepatic portal vein

Front 28

the ________ ligament runs from the anterior abdominal wall to the anterior surface of the liver

Back 28

falciform ligament

Front 29

__________ __________ ________ is in the free margin of the falciform ligament and is a remnant of the obliterated ________ ______-

Back 29

the ligmentum teres hepatis

umbilical veins

Front 30

the superior continuation of the falciform ligament on the superior surface of the liver where it separates into a diamond-shaped ligament and attaches the liver to the diaphragm is called the _______ ligament

Back 30

the coronary ligament

Front 31

the _______ ligament surrounds the bare area of the liver that is devoid of any peritoneum

Back 31

coronary ligament

Front 32

the lateral extents of the coronary ligament are called the right and left ___________ ligaments

Back 32

triangular

Front 33

the ligamentum teres hepatis is the remnant of the obliterated umbilical veins that carried (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood from the __________ to the ____________

Back 33

oxygenated from the placenta to the liver

Front 34

the ligamentum venosum is the remnant of the obliterated __________ ________ which shunted blood from the ________ _______ to the _______

Back 34

ductus venosus

umbilical vein to the IVC (to bypass liver)

Front 35

blood enters the liver superiorly or inferiorly via?

percentages?

Back 35

inferiorly via the proper hepatic a. (25%) and the hepatic portal v. (75%)

Front 36

what vessels actually supply the liver?

Back 36

the proper hepatic a.

Front 37

blood leaves the liver superiorly or inferiorly via?

Back 37

superiorly via the hepatic veins into the IVC

Front 38

what vessel(s) do not supply the liver, but uses the liver to filter it contents?

Back 38

the hepatic portal v.

Front 39

what is the normal blood flow into and out of the liver and what disease can reverse this?

Back 39

in inferiorly and out superiorly; can be reversed by cirrhosis

Front 40

the ______ ______ is the name of the hilum of the liver where the portal v., proper hepatic a., and common hepatic duct enter

Back 40

porta hepatis

Front 41

the ________ system drains bile from the liver into the GI tract

Back 41

the biliary system

Front 42

blood clots in the hepatic vv's is called what?

Back 42

blood keyare syndrome

Front 43

what stores bile

Back 43

the gall bladder

Front 44

trace the path of the duct system

Back 44

R and L hepatic ducts ---> common hepatic duct + cystic duct ---> common bile duct

Front 45

the ______ duct contains spiral valve (of Heister) to prevent collapse of the duct

Back 45

the cystic duct

Front 46

the ______________ passes through the head of the the pancreas before terminating in the 2nd part of the duodenum

Back 46

the common bile duct

Front 47

a mass in the head of the pancreas could obstruct the _____________ and cause __________

Back 47

the common bile duct; jaundice

Front 48

name the
1) raised area of the descending duodenum where the common bile duct enters
2) opening itself, and
3) the muscle around the opening

Back 48

1) greater duodenal papilla
2) ampulla of vater
3) sphincter of Oddt

Front 49

you can find the _______ a. in the Triangle of Calot (hepatocystic triangle), name the boundaries

Back 49

1) liver superiorly
2) cystic duct (Right)
3) common hepatic duct (left)

Front 50

name the 5 parts of the pancreas in order

Back 50

head, uncinate process, neck, body, tail

Front 51

the tail of the pancreas often lies between layers of the __________ ligament

Back 51

splenorenal

Front 52

retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

the pancreas

Back 52

retroperitoneal

Front 53

only the _____ of the pancreas is covered by peritoneum

Back 53

the tail is covered by the splenorenal ligament

Front 54

what is the main blood supply to the pancreas?

Back 54

pancreatic branches from the splenic a.

Front 55

the pancreatic duct and accessory pancreat duct drain to the _________

Back 55

common bile duct

Front 56

what condition results if a gallstone blocks the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct?

Back 56

gallstone pancreatitis

Front 57

what is located in the LUQ between the fundus of the stomach and opposite the 9th - 11th ribs

Back 57

the spleen

Front 58

why should you be very cautious of left lower rib fractures?

Back 58

possibility of laceration of the spleen (hematomas, very bad bleeding, etc)

Front 59

retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

the spleen

Back 59

intraperitoneal

Front 60

name the 2 ligaments that hold the spleen in place and attach at the hilum

Back 60

the gastrolienal and lienorenal (splenorenal) ligaments

Front 61

the _______ ligament contains the tail of the pancreas and the splenic a.

Back 61

the splenorenal (leinorenal) ligament

Front 62

through what hole does the esophagus enter the abdomen?

Back 62

the esophageal hiatus

Front 63

what nerves enter the abdomen with the esophagus? and in what orientation?

Back 63

the vagus. n. (CN X)

L = anterior
R = posterior

Front 64

what chamber of the heart does the esophagus run right next to?

Back 64

the posterior-most chamber:
left atrium

Front 65

the left vagus nerve enters the abdominal cavity __________ly and supplies what?

Back 65

anteriorly
and supplies: the liver, gallbladder, and anterior stomach

Front 66

the right vagus enters the abdominal cavity ________ly and supplies what?

Back 66

the posterior stomach and most of remaining abdominal organs (the left vagus supplies the liver, gallbladder, and anterior stomach), small intestines, and large intestines to the splenic flexure

Front 67

a ______________ results when a part of the stomach slips through the esophageal hiatus into the thorax

Back 67

hiatal hernia

Front 68

name the 4 parts of the stomach

Back 68

the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric antrum

Front 69

what organs are located anteriorly to the stomach?

Back 69

liver, anterior abdominal wall, diaphragm

Front 70

what lies posterior to the stomach?

Back 70

pancreas
diaphragm
adrenal/kidney
spleen
aorta/IVC
lesser sac

Front 71

name the 3 branches off of the celiac trunk

Back 71

the left gastric, the splenic, and the common hepatic aa.

Front 72

what branches off of the left gastric a.?

Back 72

the esophageal a.

Front 73

what branches off of the splenic a. (3)?

Back 73

1) pancreatic a.
2) short gastric a.
3) left gastroepiploic a.

Front 74

what are the 2 big branches off of the common hepatic a?

Back 74

the gastroduodenal and and proper hepatic aa.

Front 75

what are the 2 main branches off of the gastroduodenal a.

Back 75

1) right gastroepiploic
2) anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

Front 76

what are the 3 branches off of the proper hepatic a?

Back 76

the right gastric, the left hepatic, and right hepatic aa.

Front 77

what branches off of the right hepatic a?

Back 77

the cystic a.

Front 78

what vertebral level is the celiac trunk normally located at?

Back 78

T12

Front 79

what aa supply the lesser and greater curvatures of the stomach?

Back 79

lesser: left and right gastric aa
greater: left and right epiploic aa

Front 80

25% of the time, the right hepatic is aberrant, and may come off of the ____________ a. instead of the ____________ a.

Back 80

may come off of the superior mesenteric a. instead of the proper hepatic a.

Front 81

there are 4 different nodal areas around the stomach, but they all eventually drain to the ________ nodes; and some will eventually drain to the ______ nodes

Back 81

celiac nodes,

hepatic nodes

Front 82

in what region does the thoracic duct begin?

Back 82

the abdominal region

Front 83

at what level does the thoracic duct cross over in the thorax (from R - L)

Back 83

T4

Front 84

where does the thoracic duct end?

Back 84

the left jugulosubclavian angle

Front 85

T/F
the stomach can affect and swell the supraclavicular nodes

why or why not?

Back 85

***VI***
because of the presence of the thoracic duct, the stomach can affect and swell the left supraclavicular nodes

Front 86

where do ulcers in the stomach occur?

are they mostly benign or malignant?

Back 86

along the lesser curvature

benign

Front 87

where do most ulcers occur?

Back 87

in the duodenum

Front 88

__________ is a very serious malignancy; there are often no symptoms until late in the disease; when in the stomach, it often metastasizes to the liver

Back 88

carcinoma