3-Configuring Local Storage

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Question

Back 1

Answer

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Factors that determine the type of storage a server needs

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Amt of storage neededNumber of users accessing the server at the same timeThe sensitivity of the data to be stored on the serverThe importance of the data to the organization

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2012 max size of a single file

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(2^64)-1 bytes

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2012 max size of a single volume

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2^78 bytes with a 16KB cluster size.

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2012 max number of files in a directory

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2^64

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2012 max number of directories in a volume

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2^64

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Max filename length

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32k unicode characters2000 characters

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max path length

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32k2000 characters

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max size of any storage pool

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4 petabytes

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max number of storage pools in a system

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No limit

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Max number of spaces in a storage pool

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No limit

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What storage requirements should you consider when determining overall size required for the server?

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Operating System filesPaging FileMemory Dumps (Onboard RAM + 1MB)Log FilesShadow Copies of filesFault Tolerance

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Direct-attached storage

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Hard drives located inside a computer case.Most computers including servers use this

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Minimum RPM for a server HD

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"10 000"

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Typical desktop HD RPM

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7200

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Max transmission speeds of ATA connections

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133 MBps

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ATA

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Advanced Technology Attachment

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Max transmission speeds of SATA connections

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600 MB/sec

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NCQ

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Native Command Queuing. Enables a drive to optimize the order in which it processes commands to minimize drive seek times.

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Traditional storage interface for enterprise servers

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SCSI - Small Computer System Interface.

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Transmission rates for SCSI

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640 MB / sec

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Max number of SCSI devices on a single bus

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16

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SAS

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Serial Attached SCSI -- A version of SCSI designed for serial instead of parallel interface

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Best attachment type for servers

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SAS SCSI or SATA

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External Drive Array

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Hard drives stored in separate housing. Typically incorporates a disk controller power supply cooling fans and cache memory.

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Ways an external drive array c an connect to a computer

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SCSI IEEE 1394 (Firewire) eSATA (external SATA) USB or network interface

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Types of external drive arrays

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SAN NAS JBOD

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SAN

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Storage Area Network: Separate network dedicated solely to storage devices such as drive arrays magnetic tape autochangers and optical jukeboxes

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High speed networking technology used by SANs

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iSCSI or Fiber

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NAS

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Network Attached Storage. Dedicated file servers that provide file-based storage services directly to clients on a network.

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JBOD

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Just a bunch of disks. Array of disks that appear as separate devices to the connected client.

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Two types of fault-tolerance machanisms

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Disk mirroring RAID

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Disk mirroring

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Computer writes the same data to identical volumes on two different disks.

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Disk duplexing

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Variation on disk mirroring. Uses duplicate host adapters as well as duplicate hard drives.

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RAID

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Redundant Array of Independent Disks.

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RAID 0

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Striped volume. No fault tolerance. Enhanced performance. Failure of one disk causes overall failure

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Min disks required for RAID 0

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2

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RAID I

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Mirrors write operations to a second disk. Increased read performance. Array continues if one disk fails.

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Min disks required for RAID I

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2

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RAID 3

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Not implemented in 2012. Stripes across two disks. Uses third for parity.Parity disk becomes a bottleneck.

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Min disks required for RAID 3

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3

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RAID 4

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Not implemented in 2012. Similar to RAID 3. Similar issues. Parity disk becomes a bottleneck.

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RAID 5

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Strips data and parity blocks across all disks making sure that a block and its parity info are never stored on the same disk. Can tolerate the loss of any single drive. Some performance hit for calculating which disk to write parity / non-parity to.

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RAID 6

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Same as RAID 5 except that two copies of the data are stored on different disks so two of the 4 disks can fail without a problem.

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Formula for the storage capacity of a RAID array that uses single parity

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Size of the disks x (# of disks in array minus 1)

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Storage Spaces

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Feature that enables a server to concatenate storage space from individual physical disks and allocate that space to create virtual disks of any size supported by the hardware

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Storage Pools

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Spans multiple drives invisibly providing accumulated storage resource. You can add /remove disks.

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Virtual Disks

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Created from Storage Pools

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Two partition styles supported by 2012

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MBR GUID

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MBR

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Master Boot Record - Partition style

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GPT

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GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) Partition Table

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Basic versus. Dynamic Disks

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Basic disks are regular HDs. Dynamic disks can span multiple disks like spanned or striped volumes RAID etc)

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There are Basic ____ and Dynamic ____

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Disks

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File systems supported by 2012

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NTFS FAT (FAT 16 32 and exFAT) and ReFS

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Max volume size for MBR

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2TB

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Max volume size for GPT

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18 Exabyte

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2012 limit to number of volumes on a GPT disk

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128

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It's not possible to boot from a _____ disk

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GPT. Unless you have EFI-based boot partition (Extensible Firmware Interface)

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Active Partition

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A disk partition with the OS on it

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Types of volume types you can create on a dynamic disk

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Simple volume spanned volume striped volume mirrored volume RAID-5 volume

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Simple volume on a dynamic disk

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Space from a single disk. Can be extended to create spanned or striped volumes so long as it is not a system or boot volume. YOu can shrink the volume too.

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Spanned volume

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Space from 2 to 32 physical dynamic disks. Fills up space in disk one before moving to disk 2. You can extend. Does not improve I/O. Losing 1 disk loses all data.

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Striped volume

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Space from 2 to 32 physical dynamic disks. Writes data one stripe at a time to each successive disk. Improves performance - each disk in array seeks info while other drives are writing. No fault tolerance. You can't extend a striped volume.

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Mirrored Volume

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Identical amount of space on two physical dynamic disks. I/O happens simultaneously. Improved fault tolerance.

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RAID-5 Volume

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Space on three + physical dynamic disks. Writ performance sufferes. Improved read fault tolerance.

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Common practice for determining volume size

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Base it off of your backup solution's capacity

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Preferred file systems for a server

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NTFS ReFS

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Benefits of NTFS or ReFS for a server

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Improved support for larger drives (compared to FAT) and better security (encryption permission)

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FAT

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File Allocation Table file system

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Security vulnerability with FAT

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Anyone who gains access to your PC can read any file without restriction.

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Size restrictions of FAT32

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32GB in size no file can be larger than 4GB

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ReFS

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New fil system for Windows Server 2012 -- offers practically unlimited file and directory sizes and increased resiliency -- no need for error-checking tools like chkdsk.

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What features does ReFS lack?

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NTFS-style features like file compressions EFS and disk quotas.Can't be read by OS older than Win Server 2012 or Win 8

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EFS

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Encrypted File System

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Which command-line utility allows for disk management?

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DiskPart.exe

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Which file format is used by hyper-v for virtual hard drives?

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VHD -- Virtual Hard Disk

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Storage Pools vs Storage Spaces

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Storage Spaces lets you group drives together in a storage pool. Then you can use pool capacity to create storage spaces.Storage spaces are virtual drives that appear in File Explorer. You can use them like any other drive so it’s easy to work with files on them.You can create large storage spaces and add more drives to them when you run low on pool capacity.If you have two or more drives in the storage pool you can create storage spaces that won't be affected by a drive failure—or even the failure of two drives if you create a three-way mirror storage space.