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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Based on Ress’ article, “A Blot of the Land” define the concept of ecological footprint and examine:
In what ways might this concept transform our interaction (practices) with the environment? (Identify at least two ways.) |
ecological footprint- calculating the productive ecosystems required to support a population. What area is required to support a particular may change the way we use our environment and treat animals. I more???
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b. What are the driving forces of overconsumption
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Technology advances, self-delusion, materialistic vision of global development characterized by unlimited economic expansion and fueled by open markes. We always want more make more money
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Is sustainable development compatible with human welfare? Take a position and explain it.
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?pg 30
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32. When a resource is scarce (depleted) whose priorities should govern the people who have taken the resources How much of the conflict over use can be reduced by improved efficiency in use and accuracy of information? Who are the stakeholders/interest groups identified in the article, “End of the Line”? What are the primary concerns reflected by each stakeholder groups? What values do they reflect? Are they reconcilable? How did overfishing occur?
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Stakeholders- fishermen concerned that young ppl can no longer make a living from fishing because they are nnot sustained ppl are leaving town causig economic problems. Values they reflect tradition, famlies, but do not care as much about sustaining the environment. Over fishing occurred because they were fishing too much because that is a way for many ppl to make money. Their fishing is open access meaning anyone can use it, its an internation trade, increasing demand for fish, the more rare and endangered species the more money u get.
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Describe how the concepts of worldview and property are related to the emergence of the fisheries crisis along the Northeast coast of North America. Ecological economists argue that such crisis would not occur if externalities were factored into the cost of production. Using at least two examples from the fisheries crisis, describe what is meant by externality and explain why a consideration of externalities might prevent environmental problems. Why did overfishing occur?
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Externality- an effect not normally accounted for the cost-revenue analysis of production and not part of cost/benefit shown on price tag. Overfishing occurred because it is a main food source and there were no limitations on fish so people fished as much as they wanted to make money.
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34. What explains human population growth?
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Population change
—Fertility (birth rates) — Mortality (death rates) —Movement and Migration |
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Identify key factors influencing fertility mortality and migration in developing countries. Religion, health,gender inequalities Distinguish between net growth rate and rate of natural increase. What is meant by doubling time? What do sex-age pyramids provide?
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Net growth rate- —Birth rate-death rate +/- migration rate
Rate of natural increase- CBR-CDR Birth rate - death rate Doubling time- —How long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size Sex-age pyramids provide- —1. Assess sex differences by each age group —2. Identify changes in the age and sex composition of populations —3. To assess the potential impacts that growing or declining populations might have |
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How do you define overpopulation? Summarize and sketch out in diagrammatic form the demographic transition theory. What are the major criticisms of the theory? What is your position on reducing births globally? Why? If you were put in charge of defining the world population policy what were the five most important features of your population policy? Explain.
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. Overpopulation- when there are so many people that the earth becomes “trashed”and we loose key resources for ppl to survive.
Demographic transition theory- 3 staged pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that has occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of western nations. Criticisms of theory- appears less useful for explaining the demographic history of countries and region in the periphery. Industrialization in peripheral countries is very ofte not domestically generated. My population policy- 1) delay the age of first child. 2)young women need to be on birth control 3)allow abortion 4) provide knowledge to ppl about pop growth and how to stop it 5) each family can only have 3 kids |
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Distinguish among Ecoscarcity, Market optimists and Structuralism as perspectives that examine the relationship between human population and Environment. Identify their weaknesses and strengths
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structualizm- system of dependency theory if struct inequality and can target part of over pop and put in vulnerable state moere able to exploit that thought creating vulnerable envir
Ecoscarcity- neomalthusians…central driving explanation for social/ecological crisis has been increasing human pop. Pop grows geometrically, agriculture productivity increases arithmetically, pop would always increse at a rate faster than food supply…neo-malthusians- food shortages exist because of depletion of nat. resources due to excessive pop., envir damage is cause y pop growth, earth has a number of ppl an area can support gven the prevailing technology and resources there are limits to physical capacity to support growth. Problems of ecoscarcity- —Mitigating factors technology and affluence tend to overwhelm the force of crude numbers —It posist the environment as a finite force of basic unchanging and essential elements . 2) Markey optimists-oWhen resources become scarce, markets encourage us to allocate them efficiently and protect them by raising the price o Population growth encourages increases in efficiency, resource substitution, conservation and innovation 3)structuralist perspective-oLarge population is a symptom of the ways resources are being controlled Inventiveness is not a function of population but of the demands of competitive capitalism. oPopulation growth is the effect of poverty o It is the condition that keeps people poor (inequitable development) that lead to environmental problems *problems w these perspectives- —They generalize and do not look at the reality of people’s lives in different places —They are influenced by political interests and often take the form of dogma —They do not explain the complex variety of the causes of poverty and environmental exploitation |
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Identify three differences in the processes of urbanization in developing countries and highly industrialized countries. Explore some factors influencing the patterns and processes of urbanization in both core/industrialized and peripheral/developing countries.
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Urbanization in developing countries- poverty, shortage of land, unemployment, violence, famine
Urbanization In highly industrialized countries- Peripheral countries- ¢Resource shortage: exacerbated by ever-increasing demands for services ¢Air and water quality and environmentally related health problems ¢Water & energy supply ¢Risk of large-scale regional and liquid waste contamination industrialized- ¢Many people migrated from the North and East to the South and West |
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What is meant by sprawl in the U.S.? Identify the factors that promoted sprawl. What are some of the economic and environmental consequences of sprawl? How can smart growth potentially reduce the consequences of sprawl?
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Sprawl—Growth of low density development on the edges of cities and towns. Results in a widely spread heterogeneous mixture of “housing developments, shopping malls, parking lots and offices complexes that are loosely connected by multilane highways and freeways. Consequences-Eliminates surrounding agricultural and wild lands,Increases use of surface water and groundwater
¢Increases runoff and flooding ¢Increases surface water and ground water pollution ¢Decreases natural sewage treatment —Increases energy use and waste —Increases air pollution —Increases greenhouse gas emissions —Enhances global warming economic consequces-—Declines of downtown business districts —Increases unemployment in central city Leads to loss of tax base in central city Factors that promoted sprawl-¢1. Availability of land for cities to spread outward ¢2. Federal government loan guarantees for new single-family homes for World War II veterans stimulated the development of suburbs around 1950 ¢3. Low-cost gasoline and federal and state funding of highways encouraged automobile use and the development and outlying tracts of land Principle of smart growth: ¢Mix land uses ¢Take advantage of compact building design ¢Create a range of housing opportunities and choices ¢Create walkable neighborhoods ¢Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place ¢Preserve open space and farmland and critical environmental areas ¢Strengthen and direct development toward existing communities ¢Provide a variety of transportation choices ¢Make development decision predictable fair and cost-effective ¢Encourage community participation in development decisions |
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Megacities are said to result from a process of hyperurbanization. Define a megacity and describe the process of hyperurbanization in developing countries. Identify five types of environmental effects that result from hyperurbanization (Illustrate them with the case of Mexico City). What forces drive the over-pumping of groundwater in Mexico City? What are the impacts of overdrawing the aquifers? Why are some communities more vulnerable than others regarding water issues in Mexico?
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Megacity-10 million or more in population
3 processes of hyperurbanization- —Urban Bias: the tendency of urban elites to channel resources toward cities at the expense of rural areas —Urban primacy: the domination of the most populous city making it a favored place —Overurbanization: population increases in urban areas beyond the capacity of the existing structure to cope with them 5 types of envir effects-air and water quality, health problems, liquid waste contamination,dimininishing of resources, slums, spread of disease |
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Based on the documentary titled “Urban Solutions from Curitiba, Brazil” watched in class: b) Examine how exportable could this demonstration case be to others areas of the world with similar problems
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They changed the roads from two way to one ways on each side, encouraged kids to start recycling by telling them to bring old toys to school then reycledd them and gave them new toys, ppl collected trash for buss tokins, used busses
It would help people think about how we are affecting the environment. It would also encouge people to help the environment by giving them tokins. The us for example uses mostly cars to get around would help them to see that they should use busses |
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Define environmental hazard, distinguish among the different types of human hazards and illustrate them with examples. Identify the reasons (at least 5 reasons) why according to Faber, “America’s undocumented immigrants, Chicano farmers, migrant farmworkers, Indians, and other dispossessed peoples of color are the ones being selectively victimized to the greatest extent by corporate environmental health abuses (2009, 25)
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environmental hazard-anthing in the environment that poses a risk to human health.ex.chemical plants, hazardous waste disposal,water born disease, limited water
Human hazards examples-drugs, drinking,viruses , eating too much 5 reason-inequality, unevenness, distributon of power, neoliberalism, political pressure less political power a community has, the fewer resources to defend themselves The lower the level of community awareness and mobilization against potential ecological threats the more likely they are to experience arduous environmental and human health problems |
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Examine the ways in which the North’s ecological debt and the South’s economic debt are symptoms of the unfair trade-off brought about by corporate-led globalization. According to Faber, what are the factors that are contributing to creating an unprecedented ecological crisis of global dimensions?
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1) Investment: Foreign Direct Investment, FDI
In domestically owned hazardous industries Investment schemes to gain access to new oil fields, forests, agricultural lands, mining deposits, and other natural resources 2) Production processes: Relocation of polluting and environmentally hazardous production processes and polluting facilities by MNCs 3) Commodity exports the marketing of more profitable, but also more dangerous foods, drugs, pesticides, technologies and other consumer/capital goods 4) Waste Trade the dumping of toxic waste, pollution, discarded consumer products, trash and other forms of “antiwealth” produced by northern industry |
