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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the base of the heart? Where is it found?
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Superior aspect of heart at R and L 2nd interspaces (near sternum)
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What is the point of maximal impulse?
Normal size and location? |
PMI locates left border of heart at apex
if over 2.5 cm, may be LVH or enlargement if located at xiphoid (not apex), then RVH |
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S2 = closure of _________
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aortic valve
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What's an S3 gallop?
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Rapid ventricular filling as mitral opens
Abnl in adults over 40 (signifies abnl ventricular compliance) |
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What's S4?
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Abnormal atrial contraction (abnl ventricular compliance)
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How does the second heart sound differ with breathing?
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Upon inspiration, A2 and P2 separate (split); A2 is louder because aortic valve is at higher pressure
During expiration, there is a single sound |
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Where is A2 heard (with stethoscope)?
P2? |
Throughout precordium
P2 heard between Left 2nd and Left 3rd interspace near sternum |
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Where is mitral heard?
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At apex
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Where is tricuspid heard?
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L lower sternal border
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Where is pulmonic heard?
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L between 2nd and 3rd interspace
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Where is aortic heard?
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Right between 2nd and apex
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Cardiac output =
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Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
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Jugular Venous Pressure is indicative of _______.
What would changes in JVP be indicative of? |
Right Atrial Pressure and RVEDP
Changes in RA (filling, contraction, emptying)-->changes in JVP; could be heart failure, HTN, tricuspid stenosis, tamponade |
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Why must a patient be reclined at 60 degrees to examine JVP?
What do you measure when examining JVP? |
If upright, level of oscillation (where JV collapses) will be above clavicle--can't see it
If 60 degrees, will be above jawline--can't see it Measure distance (height) from sternal angle; above 4cm is abnl |
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Describe the waves and troughts of jugular venous pulsation.
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a wave: atrial contraction
x descent: atrial relaxation v wave: atrial filling (venous return) y descent: passive flow to RV |
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Where is the femoral pulse located?
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Inner thigh between ASIS and pubic symphysis
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Where is the popliteal pulse located?
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Behind knee
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Venous return from the leg is accomplished by _______.
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Anterior leg: Great Saphenous
Posterior leg: Small Saphenous Anastomose via Perforating Vein Both feed into Femoral Vein |
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Arm nodes
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Located medially near elbow; EPITROCHLEAR nodules
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Leg nodes
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Superficial inguinal nodes:
Horizontal group in chain below inguinal ligament (lower abdomen, buttock, genitals) Vertical group near saphenous vein (heel, foot) |
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What are crackles caused by?
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Air suddenly entering fluid-filled airways
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What is a pleural friction rub and how would you identify it?
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PLeural friction rub: caused by inflamed visceral and parietal pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
CEASES when pt holds breath |
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What is a pericardial friction rub and how would you identify it?
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Caused by inflamed layers of pericardium rubbing against each other
Noticeable during deep inspiration and continues even when pt holds breath |
