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324 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental abnormality of the nasal cavity
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Cleft palate
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What is cleft palate AKA?
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Palatoschisis
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3 circulatory disturbances related to the respiratory tract
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- Hyperemia/congestion/edema
- Hemorrhage (epistaxis) - Ethmoid hematoma |
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What's responsible for the frequency of hyperemia and edema in the nasal cavity?
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Lability of the vessels
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In the nasal cavity, what is part of the acute stage of inflammation?
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Active hyperemia
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In the nasal cavity, what is the result of circulatory failure?
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Passive congestion
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3 locations that hemorrhage of the respiratory tract can arise from
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- Nasal mucosa
- Nasopharynx - Deep in the respiratory tract |
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5 causes of hemorrhage in the respiratory tract
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- Trauma
- Exertion - Inflammation - Hemorrhagic diatheses - Neoplasia |
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Tendency for the body to develop hemorrhage due to clotting defects
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Hemorrhagic diatheses
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What do ethmoid hematomas present in?
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Older horses
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What are ethmoid hematomas composed of? (2)
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- Clotted blood
- Granulation tissue |
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What nasal syndrome presents as a progressive, often unilateral nasal bleeding?
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Ethmoid hematomas
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3 ways the nasal mucousa is protected against pathogens
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- Mucous production
- Mucociliary apparatus - Local production of immunoglobulins |
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Progression of exudates in inflammation
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Serous --> catarrhal --> fibrinous --> purulent
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What do most acute cases of rhinitis begin with?
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Serous exudation
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What is chronic rhinitis most commonly manifested by?
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Proliferative changes involving epithelial and fibrous CT components
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What is a sign of very severe damage in the nose?
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Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis
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Acute inflammation is _____ and chronic inflammation is ______.
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Exudative
Proliferative |
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2 histologic changes during serous exudative response
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- Hydropic degeneration
- Loss of cilia |
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What histologic change accompanies a catarrhal exudate?
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Goblet cells become hyperplastic
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What other exudate often accompanies mucous exudates?
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Purulent (mucopurulent inflammation)
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What is a catarrhal exudate also known as?
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Mucous exudate
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What is a fibrinous rhinitis characterized by?
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Alteration in vascular permeability with exudation of fibrinogen that converts to fibrin and accumulates on the surface of the nasal mucosa
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What kind of exudate is fibrinous exudate accompanied by?
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Purulent (fibrinopurulent)
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What is purulent rhinitis associated with?
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- Accumulation of neutrophils
- Desquamation of epithelial cells |
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3 changes of the mucosa with purulent rhinitis
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- Erosion
- Regenerative hyperplasia - Extensive ulceration |
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Two things that fibrinonecrotic rhinitis is associated with
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- Severe injury
- Presence of a membrane |
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What is chronic rhinitis manifested by?
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Proliferative changes of the surface epithelium and underlying fibrous CT
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Two characteristic changes associated with chronic rhinitis
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- Hyperemia
- Edema |
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Most common cause of rhinitis
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Viral
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What causes strangles in horses?
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Streptococcus equi
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2 symptoms of strangles in horses
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- Purulent rhinitis
- Regional lymphadenitis |
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What is it called when Streptococcus equi forms abscesses in abnormal locations?
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Bastard strangles
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2 locations that are affected during Strangles
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- Submandibular LN
- Retropharyngeal LN |
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What is rhinitis in cats associated with?
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Conjunctivitis
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3 common causes of rhinitis in cats
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- Feline rhinotracheitis virus
- Feline calcivirus - Chlamydophila felis |
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2 bacterial involved with atrophic rhinitis
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- Bordatella bronchiseptica
- Pasteurella multocida (A & D) |
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What does Pasteurella multocida do in atrohpic rhinitis?
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Produces toxins which prevent osteoblastic activity and induce osteoclastic activity
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Most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs
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Aspergillus
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Most common cause of fungal rhinitis in cats
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What are two characteristics of aspergillosis of the nasal cavity?
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- Necrosis
- PseudomQembrane formation |
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2 characteristics of Cryptococcosis of the nasal cavity
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- Granulomatous inflammation
- Gelatinous masses with bone destruction and facial swelling |
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What disease is characterized by Gelatinous masses with bone destruction and facial swelling?
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Cryptococcosis
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What causes Rhinosporidiosis?
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Rhinosporidium seeberi
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What does Rhinosporidosis cause?
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Inflammatory polyps in nasal cavity
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Two most common species affected by Rhinosporidosis?
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- Dogs
- Horses |
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General cause of sinusitis
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Inflammation of paranasal sinuses
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Cause of sinusitis in sheep
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Oestrus ovis bots
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5 common causes of sinusitis
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- Oestrus ovis bots
- Dehorning wounds - Fractures - Periodontitis - Rhinitis |
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What are inflammatory proliferations that can appear similar to neoplasms?
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Polyps
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What are polyps often a sequelae to?
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Chronic inflammation
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Two benign neoplasms
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- Chondroma
- Osteoma |
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Two species that osteomas often occur in
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- Horses
- Cattle |
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5 malignant neoplasms
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- Squamous cell carcinomas
- Adenocarcinomas - Fibrosarcomas - Osteosarcomas - Lymphosarcomas |
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What is squamous cell carcinoma most often seen in? (2)
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- Horses
- Cats |
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What do squaomous cell carcinomas often originate from in cats?
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Nasal vestibule
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What do squaomous cell carcinomas often originate from in horses?
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Maxillary sinus
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What type of malignant neoplasm of the nasal cavity occurs in the anterior nasal cavity?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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What type of malignant neoplasm of the nasal cavity occurs in the posterior nasal cavity?
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Adenocarcinoma
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What do adenocarcinomas arise from?
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Respiratory epithelium
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What is the most common of the mesenchymal neoplasms in the dog?
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Fibrosarcoma
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What does osteosarcoma most often occur in?
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Dogs
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What color is fibrin grossly?
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Yellow
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What causes pharyngeal diverticulitis in pigs?
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Plant awns get stuck in the diverticulum near the pharynx
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3 symptoms of pharyngeal diverticulitis
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- Dysphagia
- Death - Septicemia |
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What is trauma of the pharynx in sheep caused by?
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Drenching guns
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Where do nasopharyngeal polyps originate?
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Middle ear
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What might nasopharyngeal polyps cause?
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Obstruction of airway
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Species that nasopharyngeal polyps occurs in
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Cats
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Fly bots that are found in the pharynx of wild cervids
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Cephenemyia spp.
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What generally causes inflammation of the guttural pouch?
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Upper respiratory infection
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What characterizes empyema?
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Accumulation of purulent exudate in the guttural pouches
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What is fungal infection of the guttural pouch often caused by?
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Aspergillus
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What is bacterial infection of the guttural pouch often caused by?
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Streptococcus equi
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What can Aspergillus in the guttural pouch cause? (2)
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Erosion of carotid artery
- Epistaxis - Exsanguination |
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Pharyngeal neoplasm in the dog (3)
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- Papilloma
- Squamous cell carcinoma - Malignant melanoma |
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Pharyngeal neoplasm in the cat
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Papilloma
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Pharyngeal neoplasm in the horse
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Horse
- In the guttural pouch |
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What causes roaring in horses?
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Paralysis of the larynx
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What causes paralysis of the larynx?
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Degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Left most common in horses |
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Main abductor of the larynx that keeps the arytenoid cartilages in a lateral position
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Crycoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
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What breeds are predispositioned to laryngeal paralysis in dogs?
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Large breeds
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Which breed of dog has laryngeal paralysis as a genetic trait?
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Bouviers
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Extent of pharyngeal paralysis in horses
Extent of pharyngeal paralysis in dogs |
- Unilateral
- Bilateral |
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Two conditions that commonly cause hemorrhage of the laryngeal area
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- Septicemia
- Any condition that causes dyspnea |
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Important cause of bacteria induced inflammation of the larynx in calves
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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What causes calf diptheria?
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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Important cause of bacteria induced inflammation of the larynx in older cattle
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Haemophilus somnus
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Important cause of bacteria induced inflammation of the larynx in calves and sheep
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Archanobacterium pyogenes
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Reduction in the luminal diameter of the entire trachea
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Hypoplasia
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What domestic animal does tracheal hypoplasia often occur in?
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Dogs
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What breed of dogs does tracheal hypoplasia occur in?
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English Bulldog
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What is the condition called 'tracheal collapse'?
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Dorsoventral flattening of the trachea
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What kind of dogs does Dorsoventral flattening happen most in?
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Miniature breeds
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What causes Dorsoventral flattening of the trachea?
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Widening of dorsal tracheal muscles
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What is known as 'scabbard trachea'?
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Lateral flattening of the trachea
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What domestic species does scabbard trachea often occur of?
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Horses
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What is general tracheitis often preluded by?
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- Upper respiratory inflammation
- Lower bronchitis |
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Example of viral tracheitis in cattle
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
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Example of parasitic tracheitis (2)
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- Oslerus osleri (dogs)
- Syngamus trachei (birds) |
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What does Oslerus osleri cause?
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Nodules in the trachea and bronchi of dogs
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What can occur with severe tracheitis?
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Aspiration of gastric content
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What is Kartagener's-like syndrome in the dog?
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Primary ciliary dyskinesia
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What does Primary ciliary dyskinesia cause?
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Immotile cilia
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Two organ systems affected by Primary ciliary dyskinesia
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- Respiratory
- Reproductive |
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What respiratory disease can cause infertility?
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Primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's-like syndrome)
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Two symptoms of Primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's-like syndrome)
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- Sinusitis
- Bronchiectasis |
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What is another condition that Primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's-like syndrome) is often present with?
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Situs inversus
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Major finding of chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis
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Excess mucus or mucopurulent exudate in tracheobronchial tree
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5 gross lesions of bronchitis/bronchiolitis
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- Thickened mucosa
- Hyperemia - Edema - Polypoid projections into lumen - Lymphoid nodules |
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What occurs when the lumen becomes filled with proliferating fibrous CT leading to stenosis?
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Bronchiolitis obliterans
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What's the response of the bronchi and bronchioles to chronic inflammation?
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- Hyperplasia of the lining epithelium
- Destruction of bronchial wall - Fibrosis |
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What does fibroplastic proliferation of the bronchial wall cause?
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Polypoid projections into the lumen
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What is 'fixed dilation' of the bronchi called?
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Bronchiectasis
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What does bronchiectasis cause?
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Loss of ability of bronchial walls to reduce in diameter
- Stays dilated |
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What species is most commonly affected by bronchiectasis?
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Cattle
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Two things that cause bronchiectasis
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- Complete lobular septation
- Lack of collateral ventilation |
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Pathogenesis of bronchiectasis
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Inflammatory weakening and destruction of the bronchial wall by neutrophilic proteases and oxygen free radicals
- Granulation tissue proliferation replaces most, if not all, of the bronchial wall, causing it not to be able to contract |
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Where does bronchiectasis happen teh most?
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Cranioventral portion of the lung
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Gross appearance of bronchiectasis
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Group of nodules extending from intact surface of the lung
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5 signs of parenchyma affected by bronchiectasis
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- Atelectasis (collapse of alveoli)
- Emphysema (dilation of alveoli) - Pneumonia - Fibrosis - Abscesses may form |
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When does the bronchiectasis become equivalent to a lung lesion?
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When the necrotizing process extends more deeply than the mucosa and involves the full width of the wall
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3 mechanisms for maintaining patency of airways
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- Ciliary action
- Coughing - Collateral ventilation |
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Mechanism of collateral ventilation
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Passage of air through alveolar pores
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What are alveolar pores called?
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Pores of Kohn
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What characterizes alveolar emphysema?
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Abnormally increased amount of air within the alveoli
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Two general forms of damage to alveoli and reversibility
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- Destruction of alveolar walls (irreversible)
- Hyperinflation/enlargement (reversible) |
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Two causes of alveolar emphysema
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- Expiratory obstruction of bronchial tree
- Enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls |
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Which cause of alveolar emphysema is most common?
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Expiratory obstruction of bronchial tree
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What's two possible end results of expiratory obstruction of bronchial tree?
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- Over-dilation of alveoli
- Possible rupture of alveoli |
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What causes emphysema by destruction of alveolar walls?
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Excessive proteolysis within alveolar walls due to protease enzyme activity
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Critical structural component that undergoes lysis during enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls
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Elastin
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Pathogenesis of enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls
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Inflammation associated with release of elastases by neutrophils and macrophages
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What is a comparable disease to enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls in horses?
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Recurrent airway obstruction
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3 other names for recurrent airway obstruction in horses
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- Heaves
- COPD - Chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex |
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Histologic changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction (4)
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- Epithelial hyperplasia
- Goblet cell hyperplasia - Fibrosis - Inflammatory cell infiltration |
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Morphologic appearance of recurrent airway obstruction (2)
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- White spots on a lung cross-section
- Diaphragm may be thickened |
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What is intersitital emphysema characterized by?
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Presence of air within:
- interlobular septa - subpleural areas - non-septal vessels and airways of animals with septated lungs |
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What kind of animals does interstitial emphysema often occur in?
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Those with septated lungs (cattle, sheep, pigs)
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Which species is interstitial emphysema most frequent in?
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Cattle
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Pathogenesis of interstitial emphysema
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Air is forced into interlobular septa when there is collapse of bronchioles during expiration
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Interstitial emphysema is seen in many situations, including agonal death.
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Interstitial emphysema is seen in many situations, including agonal death.
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What is the main, underlying cause of interstitial emphysema?
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Lack of collateral ventilation
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Two sequelae of chronic pulmonary emphysema
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- Circulatory disturbance
- Acidosis |
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What causes the circulatory disturbance associated with chronic pulmonary emphysema?
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Increase in resistance to pulmonary circulation
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Morphological changes seen with chronic pulmonary emphysema
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Enlarged right ventricle
- May lead to CHF |
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What is heart disease secondary to lung disease and pulmonary hypertension referred to as?
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Cor pulmonale
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Define cor pulmonale
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Heart disease secondary to lung disease and pulmonary hypertension
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What kind of acidosis is seen with chronic pulmonary emphysema?
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Respiratory acidosis
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Define atelectasis
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Collapse of previously air-filled pulmonary parenchyma
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Collapse of previously air-filled pulmonary parenchyma
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Atelectasis
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Two forms of atelectasis
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- Acquired (collapse)
- Congenital (incomplete expansion) |
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What's the most common form of acquired atelectasis?
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Obstructive atelectasis
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What is atelectasis secondary to? (2)
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- Bronchitis
- Bronchopneumonia |
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What blocks the airway in obstructive atelectasis?
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Exudate
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What has to occur for atelectasis to take place in animals with extensive collateral ventilation?
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Obstruction of bronchi supplying a lobe or large segment of lung
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What has to occur for atelectasis to take place in animals with insignificant collateral ventilation?
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Blockage at any level of the bronchial tree
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Gross morphology of atelectatic lung (3)
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- Sunken relative to adjacent, aerated lung
- Dark red in appearance - Dense (due to lack of air) |
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What does atelectasis appear as microscoopically?
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Congested alveolar walls lying in close apposition with slit-like lumina
Collapsed alveoli in other words |
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Two types of acquired atelectasis
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- Obstructive
- Compressive |
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What is compressive atelectasis caused by?
|
Pleural or intrapulmonary space-occupying lesions
- Includes tissue masses, fluids, and air |
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What does congenital atelectasis occur in?
|
- Newborns
- Stillborns |
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Morphology of congenital atelectasis (3)
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- Dark reddish-blue due to no separation of alveolar capillaries by air (air dilutes color intensity)
- Lungs are meaty in consistency - Lungs don't float |
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What is surfactant secreted by?
|
Type II Pneumocytes
|
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Function of surfactant
|
Lowers surface tension within the alveoli
|
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What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
|
Breathing distress in premature human infants caused by a lack of surfactants
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What breeds are susceptible to lung lobe torsion? (general and specific)
|
Deep chested breeds
- Afghan Hounds |
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What is hyperemia of the lungs associated with? (2)
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- Acute inflammation
- Irritation |
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What is congestion associated with? (2)
|
- Stasis of blood
- Left sided heart failure |
|
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Morphology of a congested lung
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- Dark red diffusely
- Soft upon palpation |
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What differs a congested lung from a pneumonic lung?
|
Congested lung is soft
- Pneumonic lung is hard |
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3 mechanisms for edema in the lungs
|
- Increased permeability
- Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure - Decreased intravascular oncotic pressure |
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How do various agents cause increase of permeability in the lung capillaries? (2)
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- Damage to susceptible Type I lining epithelium
- Damage to capillary endothelium |
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Define cardiogenic edema
|
Result of increased pressure in pulmonary vasculature due to stasis of blood resulting from left-sided heart failure
|
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3 causes of increased hydrostatic pressure
|
- Cardiogenic edema
- Iatrogenic hypervolemia from too much IV fluid - Autonomic discharge following acute brain injury ('neurogenic edema') |
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Gross morphology of edematous lungs (2)
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- Wet, heavy, jello-like
- Do not collapse completely when thorax is open |
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2 microscopic changes of the edematous lung
|
- Eosinophilic edema fluid
- 'Foamy' macrophages |
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Location of hemorrhage in the lungs
|
Alveolar spaces and beneath the pleura
|
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6 causes of hemorrhage in the lung
|
- Septicemia/endotoxemia
- Severe congestion - Infarction - Ruptured aneurysms - Trauma - Clotting abnormalities |
|
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What species has exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage?
|
Horses
|
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Pathway of formation of pulmonary abscesses
|
Rumenitis --> liver abscesses --> ruptures into caudal vena cava
|
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Clinical sign of pulmonary abscesses (2)
|
- Dead cow
- Blood coming out of mouth |
|
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2 types of pulmonary embolism
|
- Non-septic
- Septic |
|
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2 non-infectious emboli
|
- Tumor embolisms
- Fat embolisms (rare) |
|
|
What do septic emboli arise from in horses?
|
Mesenteric veins
|
|
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What do septic emboli arise from in most species?
|
Vegetative endocarditis
|
|
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2 things that bacterial emboli cause
|
- Pulmonary edema
- Pneumonia |
|
|
3 causes of embolism
|
Virchow's Triad
- Hypercoagulability - Blood stasis - Vascular endothelial damage |
|
|
Two conditions that pulmonary thrombosis can be associated with
|
- Dirofiliaria immitis
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - Glomerular amyloidosis |
|
|
What species is glomerular amyloidosis most common in?
|
Dogs
|
|
|
What causes glomerular amyloidosis to produce pulmonary amyloidosis?
|
Loss of antithrombin III because it passes through diseased glomerular filter
|
|
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Frequency of pulmonary infarction
|
Rare due to collateral ventilation
|
|
|
Where is infarction common in the lung?
|
Caudal lobes
|
|
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2 causes of pulmonary hypertension
|
- High pressure flow of blood from right heart to the lungs
- Increased resistance to the pulmonary vascular system |
|
|
2 sequelae of pulmonary hypertension
|
- Arteriosclerosis
- Cor pulmonale |
|
|
What is high altitude disease AKA?
|
Brisket disease
|
|
|
Two sequelae of high altitude disease
|
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Right sided heart failure |
|
|
Underlying mechanism of high altitude disease
|
Hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
|
|
|
Lesions associated with high altitude disease
|
- SQ edema
- Congestion of liver - Hypertrophy of right ventricle |
|
|
What is high altitude disease generally seen in?
|
Animals not native to the area
|
|
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What is the predominant pneumocyte in the lung?
|
Type II Pneumocyte
|
|
|
3 functions of Type II Pneumocytes
|
- Produce surfactant
- Form other Type II pneumocytes - Change into Type I pneumocytes |
|
|
2 primary methods of pulmonary clearance
|
- Mucociliary apparatus
- Sneezing and coughing |
|
|
4 substances used in defense of the lung
|
- Interferon
- IgA - Lysozyme - Lactoferrin |
|
|
What primarily maintains the sterility of the alveoli?
|
MP
|
|
|
4 substances in the alveolar lining liquid
|
- IgG ****
- Lysozyme - Lactoferrin - Complements |
|
|
4 functions of alveolar MP
|
- Kill bacteria
- Secrete interferon - Recruit neutrophils - Sensitize T-lymphocytes |
|
|
What is alveolar defense of small-size particles dependent upon?
|
Alveolar macrophages
|
|
|
How do most particles reach the interstitium?
|
Endocytosis by Type I epithelial cells
- Can be an issue dependent on just how much is endocytosed |
|
|
What type of pneumonia is almost always caused by bacteria?
|
Bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
Where does inflammation associated with bronchopneumonia originate at?
|
Bronchiolar-alveolar jxn
|
|
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3 reasons why inflammation in bronchopneumonia originates at the bronchiolar-alveolar jxn
|
- Major site of deposition of small particles
- Not protected by mucociliary blanket nor MPs - Small lumen |
|
|
4 things that decreases pulmonary defense
|
- Shipping stress
- Chilling - Viral ifx - Metabolic disorders |
|
|
Primary species of bacteria that causes bronchopneumonia in ruminants
|
Mannheima hemolytica
|
|
|
4 species that Pasteurella causes bronchopneumonia in
|
- Cattle
- Swine - Sheep - Cat |
|
|
3 species bronchopneumonia is caused by Corynebacterium spp.
|
- Cattle
- Sheep - Horse |
|
|
3 types of exudate typical with bronchopneumonia
|
- Suppurative
- Fibrinous - Necrotizing |
|
|
Gross appearance of acute bronchopneumonia (4)
|
Red consolidation
- Reddish color - Consolidation of lung (firm and rubbery) - Not depressed in relation to normal parenchyma - Fibrin deposition |
|
|
What's the most reliable criterion for Dx of pneumonia grossly?
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Firmness of lung
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2 types of exudate present in acute bronchopneumonia
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Mucopurulent
Purulent |
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2 sequelae to pneumonia
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- Emphysema
- Atelectasis |
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3 microscopic lesions in acute bronchopneumonia
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- Alveoli filled with fluid containing fibrin, neutrophils, erythrocytes, and MP
- Hyperemic capillaries - Necrotic Type I pneumocytes |
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How long is the red stage of consolidation (acute)?
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2 - 3 days
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How long is the grey stage of consolidation (chronic)?
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> 5 days
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What is the gray color of subacute/chronic bronchopneumonia caused by?
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Predominance of inflammatory cells
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Morphology of subacute/chronic bronchopneumonia
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Gray consolidation
- Gray coloration - Firmness |
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3 microscopic lesions of subacute/chronic bronchopneumonia
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- Few inflammatory cells
- Proliferation of Type II Pneumocytes - Fibrosis |
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How long does it take to return the lung to normal after insult?
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3 - 4 weeks
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What helps restore the damaged Type I Pneumocytes during resolution?
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Type II Pneumocytes
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How are MP and extracellular debris cleared during lung disease resolution?
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Coughing
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What prolongs pneumonia and causes lingering symptoms?
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Poor collateral ventilation
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What are two conditions that can lead to death by bronchopneumonia?
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- Hypoxia
- Endotoxemia |
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Wha toccurs when a large amount of foreign material is inspired into the lungs?
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Aspiration pneumonia
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3 pulmonary responses to aspiration pneumonia
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- Nature of material
- Bacteria present in the material - Distribution and amount of material aspirated into the lungs |
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3 common sources of aspirates
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- Inhaled milk
- Inhaled fluid - Inhaled vomitus |
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Distribution of aspiration pneumonia
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Cranioventral
- Can be unsymmetrical |
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What does location of aspiration pneumonia lesion depend on?
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Position of animal when it aspirated
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What does gangrenous pneumonia result from? (2)
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- Aspiration of foreign material plus saprophytic and putrefactive bacteria
- Penetration of foreign body into lungs |
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Two sequelae to gangrenous pneumonia
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- Empyema (accumulation of purulent exudate in thoracic cavity)
- Pneumothorax |
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Gross morphology of gangrenous pneumonia (2)
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- Yellow to greenish-black coloration
- Foul odor |
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What form of pneumonia is characterized by a foul odor?
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Gangrenous pneumonia
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What is interstitial pneumonia characterized by?
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Thickening of alveolar walls
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Place of origin of interstitial pneumonia
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Alveolar walls
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Location of interstitial pneumonia lesions
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Diffuse
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Route of entrance for interstitial pneumonia inciting agents (2)
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- Hematogenous
- Aerogenous |
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Causes of interstitial pneumonia (4)
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- Infection ***
- Toxins - Hypersensitivity - Pneumoconiosis |
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5 gross morphology of acute interstitial pneumonia
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- Rib impressions
- Firm - Red coloration - Doesn't collapse - Edema possible |
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4 microscopic lesions of acute interstitial pneumonia
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- Serofibrinous exudate
- Hyperemia - Hyaline membranes - Necrosis of Type I Pneumocytes |
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Gross morphology of subacute/chronic interstitial pneumonia
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- Gray
- Firm |
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Which is firmer, interstitial or bronchopneumonia?
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Bronchopneumonia
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4 histologic lesions of subacute/chronic interstitial pneumonia
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- Empty alveolar spaces
- Type II Pneumocyte proliferation - Fibrosis - Inflammatory cells in interstitium |
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What plant in Texas can cause subacute/chronic interstitial pneumonia?
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Perilla Mint
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Term for dust inhaled into and retained in lung
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Pneumoconiosis
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Form of pneumonconiosis most commonly seen in animals
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Anthracosis
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What causes anthracosis?
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Breathing polluted air
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Example of interstitial pneumonia
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Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and Edema
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Two things that acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema is AKA
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- Atypical interstitial pneumonia
- Fog Fever |
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What is acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema seen in?
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Cattle fed on alfalfa, ryegrass, or oats
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Pathogenesis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
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L-tryptophan -- rumen --> 3-methylindol -- lungs --> 3-methyleneindolenine
3-methyleindolenine is toxic to alveolar lining cells |
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Term for dust inhaled into and retained in lung
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Pneumoconiosis
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Two gross signs of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
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- Edema
- Emphysema |
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3 gross signs of uremic pneumopathy
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- Edema
- Degeneration and mineralization of pulmonary smooth muscle and CT - Mineralization in bronchioles and alveoli |
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Form of pneumonconiosis most commonly seen in animals
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Anthracosis
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When does embolic pneumonia occur?
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When infectious agents reach the lung hematogenously
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What causes anthracosis?
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Breathing polluted air
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Example of interstitial pneumonia
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Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and Edema
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Two things that acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema is AKA
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- Atypical interstitial pneumonia
- Fog Fever |
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What is acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema seen in?
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Cattle fed on alfalfa, ryegrass, or oats
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Pathogenesis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
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L-tryptophan -- rumen --> 3-methylindol -- lungs --> 3-methyleneindolenine
3-methyleindolenine is toxic to alveolar lining cells |
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4 sources of sepsis in embolic pneumonia
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- Abscesses
- Valvular endocarditis - Jugular vein thrombi - Omphalophlebitis in neonates |
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Two gross signs of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
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- Edema
- Emphysema |
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2 gross characteristics of embolic pneumonia
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- Multifocal
- Nodular |
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3 gross signs of uremic pneumopathy
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- Edema
- Degeneration and mineralization of pulmonary smooth muscle and CT - Mineralization in bronchioles and alveoli |
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When does granulomatous pneumonia occur?
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When an organism or particle reaches the lung and can't be eliminated by phagocytosis
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When does embolic pneumonia occur?
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When infectious agents reach the lung hematogenously
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How do particles get to the lungs in granulomatous pneumonia?
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Hematogenously
Aerotogenously |
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4 causes of granulomatous pneumonia
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- Mycobacteria spp.
- System fungal infections - Parasite ova - Rhodococcus equi |
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Primary lesion associated with granulomatous pneumonia
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Granulomas
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What term is used to describe a pneumonia that has bronchopneumonia as well as interstitial pneumonia characteristics?
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Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
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Two causes of Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
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- Mycoplasma (in pigs; 'enzootic pneumonia')
- Canine distemper pneumonia |
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Which form of neoplasm of the lungs is relatively common?
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Metastatic
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Most common primary neoplasm
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Adenocarcinoma
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4 sources of sepsis in embolic pneumonia
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- Abscesses
- Valvular endocarditis - Jugular vein thrombi - Omphalophlebitis in neonates |
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2 gross characteristics of embolic pneumonia
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- Multifocal
- Nodular |
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When does granulomatous pneumonia occur?
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When an organism or particle reaches the lung and can't be eliminated by phagocytosis
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How do particles get to the lungs in granulomatous pneumonia?
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Hematogenously
Aerotogenously |
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4 causes of granulomatous pneumonia
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- Mycobacteria spp.
- System fungal infections - Parasite ova - Rhodococcus equi |
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Primary lesion associated with granulomatous pneumonia
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Granulomas
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What term is used to describe a pneumonia that has bronchopneumonia as well as interstitial pneumonia characteristics?
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Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
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Two causes of Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
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- Mycoplasma (in pigs; 'enzootic pneumonia')
- Canine distemper pneumonia |
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Which form of neoplasm of the lungs is relatively common?
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Metastatic
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Most common primary neoplasm
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Adenocarcinoma
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Where do adenocarcinomas in the respiratory system usually originate from?
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- Bronchogenic
- Bronciole-alveolar junction |
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What's unique about adenocarcinomas in cats?
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Metastasizes to digits
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5 common metastatic tumors in the respiratory system
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- Mammary carcinoma
- Melanoma - Osteosarcoma - Hamangiosarcoma - Thyroid carcinoma |
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What's known as 'pleural frosting'?
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Mineralization on degenerated subpleural elastin and collagen fibers that appears as white horizontal striations
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What's the most common pleural lesion?
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Pleuritis
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What is pleuritis associated with?
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Pneumonia
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3 origins of agents of pleuritis
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- Hematogenous
- Lymphatic - Penetration |
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What forms during the chronic stage of pleuritis?
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- Adhesions between lobes of the lung
- Fibrosis of the visceral pleura |
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Sequalae to chronic stage of pleuritis
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Compressive pulmonary atelectasis
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What is pyothorax?
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Prominent purulent effusion into pleural cavity
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3 species that pyothorax has the most clin sig in
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- Cat
- Dog - Horse |
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3 primary causes of pyothorax
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- Bacterial infection
- Penetration - Ruptured lung abscesses |
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3 causes of hydrothorax
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- Neoplasia
- Hypoproteinemia - CHF |
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What causes pleural opacity?
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Chronic hydrothorax
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Characterization of fluid in acute hydrothorax
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Clear, watery fluid
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What is chylothorax?
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Accumulation of lymph in thoracic cavity
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Characterization of fluid in chylothorax
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Milk-white
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How does the lymph leak out into the thorax in chylothorax?
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Rupture of thoracic or right lymphatic duct
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2 primary causes of chylothorax
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- Trauma
- Idiopathic |
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What causes hemothorax? (2)
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- Traumatic rupture of BV or heart itself
- Erosion of BV or heart wall |
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Characterization of acute hemothorax
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Blood in pleural cavity
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Characterization of chronic hemothorax
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Development of villous formation (granulation tissue) covered by mesothelium on surface of pleura
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2 types of pneumothorax
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- Spontaneous
- Traumatic |
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What does spontaneous pneumothorax permit?
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Continuous flow of air through the bronchial tree into the thoracic space
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Cause of traumatic pneumothorax
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Perforation of thoracic wall
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What does pneumothorax cause?
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Atelectasis
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What tissue is involved with primary neoplasms of the thoracic cavity?
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Pleural mesothelioma
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3 origins of primary neoplasm mesotheliomas
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- Pleural cavity
- Pericardium - Peritonium |
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Lesions associated with primary neoplasms of the thoracic cavity
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Multiple, small, firm nodules on serosal surface
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Incidence of secondary neoplasms
Incidence of Primary neoplasms |
Uncommon
Rare |
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How do secondary neoplasms of the thorax spread from the thoracic tissues?
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Extension from lungs, chest wall, and mediastinum
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How do secondary neoplasms of the thorax spread from the abdominal tissues?
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Diaphragmatic lymphatics
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