2Vm - Pathology - Test Iii - Disturbance Of Skeletal Development

Front 1

What type of dwarf has perfectly formed skeletons with proportionate heads?

Back 1

True or Primordial dwarfs

Front 2

Which type of dwarf has shorter, bowed bones?

Back 2

Achondroplastic dwarfs

Front 3

What causes achondroplastic dwarves?

Back 3

Inherited genetic defect in the cartilage model of growing individual

Front 4

What two things are caused by the inherited genetic defect in the cartilage model of growing individuals with achondroplastic dwarfism?

Back 4

- Reduction in rate of interstitial growth in the physes
- Slowing of endochondral ossification

Front 5

Two physal areas that have a reduction in rate of interstitial growth in achondroplastic dwarfism

Back 5

- Metaphyses' of long bones
- Basicranial bones

Front 6

Effect of achondroplastic dwarfism on paired bones

Back 6

Bones are short and bowed

Front 7

Effect of achondroplastic dwarfism on unpaired bones

Back 7

Diaphysis has greater diameter than normal

Front 8

What causes elbow dysplasia?

Back 8

Disparities in growth rates in paired long bones

Front 9

What does foreshortening of the basicranial bones resort in?

Back 9

Failure for the rostral growth of the maxilla (underbite)

Front 10

What does failure of the basicranial bones to lengthen and push the facial bone forward result in?

Back 10

Brachycephaly

Front 11

Shape of an achondroplastic dwarf's skull

Back 11

Dome shaped

Front 12

Why is an achondroplastic dwarf's skull dome-shaped?

Back 12

Due to brain having to rest on abnormally short base, causing it to expand upward against skull plates

Front 13

What causes an achondroplastic dwarf's body to appear shortened?

Back 13

Vertebral bodies are short and thick

Front 14

How do achondroplastic dwarf tissues appear histologically?

Back 14

Normal

Front 15

What form of dwarfism is caused by failure to form a completely functional pituitary gland?

Back 15

Pituitary dwarfism

Front 16

What process is affected by pituitary dwarfism?

Back 16

Insufficient levels of growth hormone are produced so interstitial growth of cartilage doesn't allow for long bones to reach normal length

Front 17

Breed affected by pituitary dwarfism

Back 17

GSDs

Front 18

Skeletal type of pituitary dwarfism

Back 18

Proportionate

Front 19

What part of skeletal development is different in pituitary dwarfism?

Back 19

Growth plates don't close until four years of age

Front 20

What is solitary osteochondroma AKA?

Back 20

Cartilage-capped exostosis

Front 21

Two things solitary osteochondromas consist of

Back 21

- Displaced borders of growth plates
- Foci of periosteum having growth plate potential

Front 22

Genetic transmissibility of solitary osteochondroma

Back 22

Not genetic

Front 23

Which form of osteochondroma is genetic?

Back 23

Osteochondromatosis
- Multiple osteochondromas
- Dogs with osteochondromatosis should not be breed

Front 24

Where does the defect in chondrodystrophic breeds lie?

Back 24

In the rates of interstitial growth and time of growth plate closure

Front 25

Two things that chondrodystrophic breeds are predisposed towards

Back 25

- Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
- IV disc disease

Front 26

What disease is characterized by defective cartilage models of their epiphyses?

Back 26

Epiphyseal dysplasia

Front 27

What does Epiphyseal dysplasia appear as radiographically?

Back 27

Multiple foci of mineralization
- "Stippled epiphyses"

Front 28

What are Beagle puppies affected with Epiphyseal dysplasia called?

Back 28

'Swimmers'

Front 29

Define metaphyseal dysplasia

Back 29

Retained cartilage core of the distal ulnar physis of dogs from large and giant breeds

Front 30

How does metaphyseal dysplasia appear radiographically?

Back 30

Radiolucent inverted cone of unmineralized cartilage

Front 31

What bone is affected by metaphyseal dysplasia?

Back 31

Distal ulnar physis

Front 32

How does metaphyseal dysplasia affect ulnar growth?

Back 32

A small amount doesn't affect it much
- A large amount, however, delays longitudinal growth of the ulna

Front 33

What does metaphyseal dysplasia result in?

Back 33

Can result in valgus deformity (pushing of the manus/tarsus laterally

Front 34

Most obvious lesions of Osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 34

Pathologic fractures with unusually thin cortex

Front 35

3 clinical signs of Osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 35

- Joint laxity
- Pink teeth
- Blue sclera

Front 36

What condition is characterized by a defective modeling and remodeling of bones?

Back 36

Osteopetrosis

Front 37

6 main characteristics of osteopetrosis

Back 37

- Cortices of long bones are thick
- Little or no medullary cavity filled with hour shaped mass
- Epiphyses are filled with primary trabecular (chalky) bone
- No cut-back zones
- No enlargement of foramina for vessels and nerves
- Skull plates are abnormally thickened and dense

Front 38

3 accompanying characteristics of osteopetrosis

Back 38

- Absence of a medullary cavity resulting in anemia
- Hypoplastic foramina affects blood and nerve supply
- Brain is flattened since calvarium is thickened

Front 39

Three diseases of undetermined etiology

Back 39

- Canine Panosteitis
- Hypertrophyic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
- HOD-like disease associated with chronic overnutrition

Front 40

Location of diagnostic lesions of Canine Panosteitis

Back 40

Centered in medullary cavity of the diaphysis of long bones

Front 41

Primary breed affected by canine Panosteitis

Back 41

GSD

Front 42

Radiographic sign of canine Panosteitis

Back 42

Diaphyseal enostosis
- Patchy, low density bone in medullary cavity of diaphysis of long bones

Front 43

Where does the initial lesion of canine Panosteitis begin?

Where does it progress to?

Back 43

Nutrient foramen

Nutrient vessel's capillary bed

Front 44

Two things Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy is characterized by

Back 44

- Symmetric bone lesions centered on physes
- Most pronounced in metaphyseal physes of long bones

Front 45

Breeds most commonly affected by Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 45

Large and giant breeds

Front 46

Age most commonly affected by Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 46

Young
- 2 - 6 months old

Front 47

Sex most commonly affected by Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 47

Male

Front 48

Two bone pairs affected by Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 48

- Radius/ulna
- Tibia/fibula

Front 49

What breed is HOD-like disease associated with chronic over nutrition found in?

Back 49

Great Dane puppies

Front 50

Diet that predispositions dogs to HOD-like disease associated with chronic over nutrition

Back 50

Highly palatability, energy, PO4, Ca++, CNH

Front 51

Radiography of HOD-like disease associated with chronic over nutrition

Back 51

Thickening of metaphyseal surface
- No destructive changes in primary cancellous bone

Front 52

Treatment of HOD-like disease associated with chronic over nutrition

Back 52

Limit food intake

Front 53

What do dogs that die from Idiopathic form of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy have?

Back 53

Soft tissue calcification

Front 54

3 sequelae of Idiopathic form of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 54

- Shortened bowed limbs
- Valgus deformities
- Bilateral mandibular enlargement

Front 55

General radiographic appearance of Idiopathic form of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 55

Resembles a double growth plate

Front 56

3 initial radiographic findings of Idiopathic form of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 56

- Radiolucent band in metaphyseal spongiosa
- Adjacent radiodense band of metaphyseal spongiosa
- Extraperiosteal new bony cuff eventually hides the metaphyseal spongiosa from view

Front 57

Two things that occur in the extraperiosteal bony cuff associated with Idiopathic form of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy

Back 57

- Cuff begins to establish connections, like spot welds, through the fibrous periosteum to the surface of the metaphyseal cortex
- Metaphyseal cuff appears to migrate up the shaft of the bone

Front 58

Three unusual sequelae occurring in HOD patients

Back 58

- Angular limb deformity
- Massive periosteal overgrowth of both horizontal rami of the mandibles
- A bony response narrows optic foramina

Front 59

What is craniomandibular osteopathy AKA?

Back 59

Lion's Jaw

Front 60

What are the two breeds most likely affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?

Back 60

- West Highland White Terriers
- Scottish Terriers

Front 61

What is an ideopathic, noninfectious, proliferative bone disease involving the mandibles, occipital, and temporal bones?

Back 61

Craniomandibular osteopathy

Front 62

Range of symptoms of craniomandibular osteopathy

Back 62

Mild discomfort to inability to open mouth

Front 63

What joint might become fused in craniomandibular osteopathy?

Back 63

Temporomandibular joint