2Vm - Pathology Test Ii - Mas

Front 1

7 ways that blood calcium homeostasis is acquired

Back 1

- Bone tissue
- Blood vascular system
- Vitamin D metabolism
- Kidney
- Liver
- PTH
- Calcitonin

Front 2

What produces calcitonin?

Back 2

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Front 3

5 functions that a normal level of Ca++ is critical to

Back 3

- Nervous system
- Muscular tissue
- Secretory and digestive functions
- Maintenance of cell cohesion
- Enzyme systems

Front 4

What is a normal level of Ca++ in the blood?

Back 4

10 mg/dL

Front 5

Where does Vitamin-D precursor undergo initial hydroxylation?

Back 5

Liver

Front 6

What is the initial hydroxylation reaction on Vitamin D called?

Back 6

25-hydroxylation

Front 7

Where is Vitamin D hydroxylized second?

Back 7

Kidneys

Front 8

What hydroxylation reaction on Vitamin D occurs in the kidneys?

Back 8

1-hydroxylation

Front 9

3 places the active metabolite of Vitamin D acts on

Back 9

- Kidney
- Intestine
- BMUs

Front 10

Two locations that PTH and D3 acts together

Back 10

- Kidney
- Bone lining cells of BMUs

Front 11

Location that D3 acts alone

Back 11

Intestines

Front 12

Which method of calcium control does not play a significant role in normal daily Ca++ homeostasis?

Back 12

Bone resorption

Front 13

Two causes of Nutrition Rickets in immature critters

Back 13

- Inadequate exposure of skin to sunlight
- Inadequate forage exposure to sunlight

Front 14

How do ricket-like syndromes occur?

Back 14

Metabolic defects in the kidney result in loss of PO4 in urine
- PO4 is used to form bone mineral salts

Front 15

Two ions that can be inadequate in osteomalacia

Back 15

- Ca++
- PO4

Front 16

Morphology of growth plates in Ricket affected animals (3)

Back 16

- Wide
- Irregular thickness
- Fail to undergo orderly mineralization

Front 17

What are the knobby ends of ribs caused by Rickets called?

Back 17

Rachitic rosary

Front 18

Two causes of osteomalacia in adults

Back 18

- Vitamin D deficiency
- PO4 deficiency

Front 19

Two ways PO4 deficiency is caused

Back 19

Primary PO4 deficiency is when the soil is endemically low in PO4

Secondary PO4 deficiency is when cattle graze on pastures contaminated with industrial effluents (Sr, Mg, Al) that bind PO4, making it insoluble

Front 20

Term for an acquired response of bone tissue caused by several disorders that have chronic PTH production in common

Back 20

Osteodystrophy fibrosa

Front 21

What triggers osteodystrophy fibrosa?

Back 21

Chronic periods of hypocalcemia (inducing high PTH output)

Front 22

What causes 1* hyperthyroidism?

Back 22

Tumor

Front 23

What can be a result of 1* hyperthyroidism?

Back 23

Osteodystrophy fibrosa

Front 24

3 DDx for Hypercalcemia

Back 24

- Vitamin D intoxication
- Ingestion of plants with vitamin D resembling chemicals
- Pseudohyperparathyroidism

Front 25

What is Pseudohyperparathyroidism AKA?

Back 25

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

Front 26

What's the most common cause of chronic hypercalcemia in the dog and cat?

Back 26

Malignancy of tumors

Front 27

3 tumors that release substances that induce persistent hypercalcemia

Back 27

- Lymphoma/lymphosarcoma
- Apocrine adenocarcinoma glands lining the anal sac of dogs
- Multiple myeloma

Front 28

What is the most common tumor causing hypercalcemia in dogs and cats?

Back 28

Lymphoma/lymphosarcoma

Front 29

Two causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Back 29

- Primary chronic renal disease
- Chronic nutritional imbalances

Stimulates chronic PTH secretion

Front 30

What bones are affected in Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

Back 30

Bones of head and jaw

Front 31

Soft tissue lesion caused by Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Back 31

Bilateral hyperplasia of parathyroid glands

Front 32

3 areas the lesions causing chronic renal failure can be centered in

Back 32

- Glomeruli
- Renal tubules
- Amyloidosis

Front 33

What does loss of glomerular capillary density cause?

Back 33

Decrease in ability of glomeruli to filter blood, resulting in PO4 ion retention in serum

Front 34

What does the Parathyroid gland respond to?

Why can this be a problem?

Back 34

Only *ionized* serum Ca++ levels

If Ca++ is bound to PO4, then total Ca++ ionized levels have decreased, which induces PTH, while total Ca++ levels have increased, leading to hypercalcemia

Front 35

Two pathogenetic mechanisms of Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Back 35

- Renal glomerular disease
- Chronic renal tubular disease

Front 36

MoA of Chronic Renal Tubular Disease

Back 36

Renal tubular cells cannot perform 1-hydroxylation, resulting in D3 deficit which results in Ca++ deficit

Front 37

What's the nutritional cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism in osteodystrophy fibrosa?

Back 37

Diets contain excess of P:Ca which causes suboptimal levels of ionized Ca++

Front 38

3 alternative names for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses

Back 38

- Bran disease
- Bighead
- Miller's disease

Front 39

How does nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism cause osteodystrophy fibrosis?

Back 39

Increased dietary PO4 bounds Ca++ which decreases ionized Ca++, thus causing PTH to free up more

Front 40

What is osteodystrophy in swine usually caused by?

Back 40

Immature pigs on diets rich in cereal grains resulting in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Front 41

Most clinically evident sign of osteodystrophy fibrosa in pigs and horses

Back 41

Swollen bones of head

Front 42

How is Juvenile osteoporosis caused in kittens and puppies?

Back 42

Fed all meat diets which have higher Ca:P ratios than what is required for their growing skeleton
- Diets are also deficient in Vitamin D

Front 43

Where do lesions of osteodystrophy fibrosis occur in puppies and kittens? (3)

Back 43

- Spine
- Pelvis
- Appendicular skeleton

Front 44

Morphological characteristic of osteodystrophy fibrosis in puppies and kittens

Back 44

Folding fractures of the pelvic canal

Front 45

What are folding fractures AKA?

Back 45

'Green stick' fractures

Front 46

MoA of excessive amounts of normal mineralized bone tissue present in bone organs

Back 46

Ingestion of Vitamin D-like substances in plants which causes calcitonin to decrease osteoclastic activity that normally prevents excess mineralized bone tissue

Front 47

What is osteopetrosis?

Back 47

Genetic disorder covered under developmental diseases of the skeleton in which there is an osteoclast defect
- Causes more bone tissue than normal to be present

Front 48

Infectious disease that causes regional osteopetrosis

Back 48

Viral diseases
- BVD in calves
- Canine distemper in puppies

Front 49

What causes canine panosteitis?

Back 49

Regional osteopetrosis in the medullary cavity of the diaphyses of long bones