2Vm Pathology-Lung Objectives

Front 1

Major consequence of cleft palate.

Back 1

Aspiration pneumonia

Front 2

What can cause epistasis?

Back 2

Trauma
Exertion (esp horses)
Inflammation
Hemorrhagic diathese
Neoplasia
Agonal

Front 3

What is hemorrhagic diathes?

Back 3

Tendency for body to develop hemorrhage due to clotting defects

Front 4

Species that ethmoid hematomas occur in.

Back 4

Only in horses

Front 5

How is upper respiratory tract protected from infection?

Back 5

Traps particles in conchae
mucus from goblet cells
Mucociliary apparatus->stomach
nasal assoc lymph tissue (NALT)
Sneezing

Front 6

How is lower respiratory tract protected from infection?

Back 6

Mucociliary apparatus
Mucus
Coughing
Phagocytosis

Front 7

Inflammatory categories

Back 7

serous
catarrhal
fibrinous
purulent
fibronecrotizing
COMBINATIONS COMMON

Front 8

Serous inflammation

Back 8

thin, clear seromucin secretion
mucosa red/swollen
grey to red-hyperemia
hyperactivity of goblet & submucosal glands
sparse inflamm. cells

Front 9

Catarrhal inflammation

Back 9

increase in hyperemia, edema and swelling
discharge is catarrhal (mucous)
hyperplastic goblet cells
COMBO:mucopurulent

Front 10

Fibrinous

Back 10

changes in vasculature:
fibrinogen exudate
COMBO:fibrinopurulent

Front 11

Purulent

Back 11

Large #s neutrophils
Desquamation of epithelial cells
Extensive ulceration can develop

Front 12

Fibrinonecrotic
(pseudomembranous)

Back 12

due to severe injury
membrane of neutrophils/necrotic debris firmly adhered to destroyed epithelium.

Front 13

Caused by chronic inflammation

Back 13

Polyps of fibrovascular(granulation) tissue

Front 14

What causes equine strangles?

Back 14

Streptococcus equi

Front 15

Equine strangles looks like?

Back 15

purulent rhinitis
regional lymphadenitits
respiratory difficulty
abscesses on other organs=Bastard Strangles

Front 16

What causes feline upper respiratory complex?

Back 16

feline rhiinotracheitis virus (FHV-1)
feline calicivirus
Chamydophila felis

Front 17

Feline upper respiratory complex often associated with?

Back 17

conjunctivitis

Front 18

Atrophic rhinitis in pigs is cause by what?

Back 18

Combinations of:
Bordetella bronchiseptica &
Pasteurella multocida

Front 19

Fungal rhinitis occurs most commonly due to ____ in ____ species.

Back 19

Aspergillus, dogs
Crytococcus neofromans, cats

Front 20

Aquatic protozoan affects mostly dogs, horses

Back 20

Rhinosporidiosis seeberi

Front 21

Rhinosporidiosis causes?

Back 21

Inflammatory polyps in nasal cavity

Front 22

Nasal neoplasms-origin? benign or malignant?

Back 22

Usually from epithelial cells
Malignant

Front 23

In which species do nasopharyngeal polyps occur?

Back 23

Cats only

Front 24

Types of neoplasms

Back 24

Squamous cell carcinoma-cat/horse
Adenocarcinoma
Fibrosarcoma-dog
Osteosarcoma-dog/cat
Lymphosarcoma

Front 25

Guttural pouch inflammation due to:

Back 25

Streptococcus equi-bacterial
Aspergillus spp.-fungal

Front 26

Usual inflammation seen in guttural pouch

Back 26

Fibrinous or
Fibronecrotic (dipththeritis)

Front 27

Issues with guttural pouch inflammation

Back 27

empyema due to purulent discharge
inflammation spreads to:
involve cranial nerves-9-12
erosion of carotid a.-exanguination
cranial sympathetic trunk
adjacent bones
middle ear
brain
atlanto-occipital jt.

Front 28

Laryngeal paralysis in horse due to:

Back 28

Degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal n.-->mm. reduced, cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m atrophy

Front 29

Laryngeal paralysis in dogs

Back 29

Mostly large breeds
Usually bilaterally
assoc. w/ hyperthyroidism
in Bouviers autosomal dominant trait

Front 30

Tracheal hypoplasia

Back 30

Reduction of lumenal diameter along whole length

heritable in English Bulldogs?

Front 31

Dorsoventral flattening of trachea

Back 31

"tracheal collapse" due to dorsal tracheal m. being widened and flattened.

Front 32

Lateral flattening of trachea

Back 32

Horses "scabbard trachea" b/c contraction of scar tissue and overlapping central trach rings after ventral tracheotomy

Front 33

Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree leads to:

Back 33

Lumen filling with proliferative fibrous CT leading to stenosis
"bronchiolitis obliterans"

Front 34

Bronchietasis define

Back 34

Fixed dilation of the bronchi

Front 35

Pathogenesis of bronchiectasis

Back 35

exudate accumulates in lumen with inflammation weakening wall with proteases/free radicals. Smooth m./wall replaced by granulation tissue so now remains dilated.

Front 36

Species most affected by Bronchiectasis and why

Back 36

Cattle; complete lobular septa that contains infection & lack of collateral ventilation-reduces air movement

Front 37

Collateral ventilation define/importance

Back 37

Allows air to move b/w alveoli thru pores of Kohn; blocked alveoli can be filled via neighbor then cough to dislodge obstructed airway

Front 38

Bronchiectasis lesions

Back 38

Cranioventral lung affected; parenchyma may have atelectasis, emphysema, pneumonia, fibrosis; see mucus/inflammatory cells/blood in lumen

Front 39

Alveolar emphysema define

Back 39

Abnormally increased amt of air within alveoli

Front 40

Interstitial emphysema define

Back 40

Air within interlobular septa, subpleural area, and around non-septal vessels and airways of animals with septated lungs

Front 41

Types of alveolar emphysema:

Back 41

Expiratory obstruction or enzymatic destruction

Front 42

How expiratory obstruction in alveolar emphysema happens:

Back 42

Bronchial tree becomes completely obstructed during expiration but patent on inspiration thus air remains caught in alveoli

Front 43

How enzymatic destruction of alveolar walls in alveolar emphysema happens:

Back 43

Thought to be due to inhaling allergens causing inflammation at bronchiolar-alveolar junc due to neutrophils/macrophages releasing elastases->destroys wall, bigger spaces created, air movement is static

Front 44

Enzymatic destruction in alveolar emphysema in horses called:

Back 44

Recurrent airway obstruction
"Heaves"
Chronic obstructive pulmonay dz (COPD)
Chronic bronchiolitis-emphysema complex

Front 45

Interstitial emphysema often found as agonal change in what species?

Back 45

Cattle

Front 46

Heaves lesions in bronchioles

Back 46

Chronic bronchitis; mucus major exudate; eosinophils vary in number

Front 47

COPD (horses) lesions in lung parynchyma

Back 47

In cranial regions; mucus may extend down to alveolar ducts and alveoli

Front 48

Cor pulmonale

Back 48

Heart dz secondary to lung dz b/c Increased resistance in pulmonary circulation(pulmonary hypertension) right ventricle compromised->hypertrophies-> congestive rt side heart failure

Front 49

Atelectasis defined:

Back 49

collapse of previously air filled pulmonary parenchyma

Front 50

Types of atelectasis

Back 50

1. Acquired (Obstructive & Compressive)
2. Congenital

Front 51

Obstructive Atelectasis lesions
Where it occurs in what species

Back 51

Dog/Cat-complete blockage of bronchi supplying lobe
Cattle-blockage of small bronchi/bronchioles

Front 52

Species greatest effected from atelectasis (least->greatest)

Back 52

Cattle=Sheep>Horse>Pigs=Cats=Dogs

Front 53

Gross Obstructive atelectasis lesions

Back 53

sunken, relatively dark red

Front 54

Microscopic obstructive atelectasis

Back 54

slightly congested alveolar walls lying in close apposition with slit like lumen

Front 55

Compressive atelelactasis cause

Back 55

plueral/intrapulmonary space occupying lesions ie: masses, fluid, air

Abdominal issues also can cause this, ie: ascites/bloat

Front 56

Congenital atelectasis gross lesions

Back 56

dark reddish-blue, meaty in consistency ie stillborn neonate

Front 57

Congenital atelectasis microscopic lesions

Back 57

Alveoli partially filled with fluid, epithelial cells cuboidal

Front 58

Surfactant's role in atelectasis

Back 58

lowers the surface tension so less tension need to hold alveoli open

Front 59

Which cell produces surfactant?

Back 59

Alveolar type II pneumoncytes

Front 60

Congestion in lungs gross findings

Back 60

Common postmortem finding
dark red diffusely, not firm on palpation like a pneumonic lung

Front 61

Pulmonary edema mechanism

Back 61

damaging susceptible alveolar type I lining epithelium->increase in vascular permeability=protein containing fluid in interstitium/alveolar

Front 62

Pulmonary edema gross lesions

Back 62

wet heavy, jello-like consistency, don't collapse when thorax opened, may be red

Front 63

Pulmonary edema microscopic lesions

Back 63

edema fluid fills aveoli, and interstitium tissue, foamy macrophages present

Front 64

Non-septic embolism

Back 64

Non-infectious emboli
ei: tumor, fat

Front 65

Septic embolism

Back 65

Bacterial-vegetative endocarditis
Cattle-from posterior vena cava due to hepatic abscess
Horse-Mesenteric veins

Front 66

Thrombosis causes

Back 66

hypercoagulability, stasis of blood, vascular endothelial damage, DIC, toxic, advanced neoplasm
Dogs-Dirofilaria immitis

Front 67

Thrombosis causes (renal)

Back 67

glomerular amyloidosis causes loss of antithrombin III thru dz'd glomerular filter

Front 68

Pulmonary Infarction lesions describe frequency and appearance

Back 68

Uncommon due to collateral blood supply, happens when vasculature already compromised
Most common in cd lobes
bulge, firm, pleura roughened covered by blood stained exudate, blue-black color & depressed when chronic

Front 69

Pulmonary hypertension causes

Back 69

High pressure from rt heart
Increases resistance of pulmomary vascular system

Front 70

Pulmonary hypertension lesions

Back 70

Hypertension leads to arteriosclerosis leads to more hypertension-cycle

Front 71

Pulmonary hypertension sequelae

Back 71

Right ventricle hypertrophy
Cor pulmonale

Front 72

High Altitude Dz

Back 72

"Brisket dz" due to hypoxia induced vasoconstriction of plumonary vessels->subq edema, chronic passive congestion of liver, rt ventricular hypertrophy

Front 73

Type I Pneumoncyte

Back 73

flattened nucleus, thin cytoplasmic extension to make minimal obstruction for best oxygen diffusion

Front 74

Describe what Type II pneumocyte's do/look like

Back 74

Secretes surfactant, cuboidal shape, surface microvilli, prominent organelles, and osmophilic lamellar inclusions

Front 75

Bronchopneumonia acute gross lesions

Back 75

red, very firm, rubbery, surface moist, red tinged fluid, micopurulent to purulent exudate, pleura reddened, rough covered w/ yellow to yellow-green fibrinous/fibrinopurulent exudate

Front 76

Bronchopneumonia causes

Back 76

Bacteria mainly, usually after immune defense lowered by other factor

Front 77

Bronchopneumonia microscopic lesions

Back 77

edema fluid, fibrin, neutrophils, free erythrocytes, type I pneumoncytes variably necrotic

Front 78

Bronchopneumonia subacute/chronic gross lesions

Back 78

gray-red to gray, very firm, exudate in distal bronchioles

Front 79

Bronchopnuemonia subacute/chronic microscopic lesions

Back 79

Inflammatory cells, fibrin, edema, proliferation of type II pneumocytes, potential fibrosis

Front 80

Aspiration pneumonia happens when...

Back 80

occurs when large amts foreign material-often liquid-inhaled into lungs

Front 81

Aspiration pneumonia occurs due to

Back 81

Inhaled milk
Inhaled ruminal fluid
Inhaled vomitus

Front 82

Aspiration pnuemonia lesions

Back 82

cranioventral distribution

Front 83

Grangrenous pneumonia due to

Back 83

saprophytic and putrefactive bacteria causing extensive necrosis

Front 84

Gangrenous pneumonia lesions

Back 84

Yollow to green black with foul odor, can occur with empyema (purulent exudate in thoracic cavity) and pneumonthorax

Front 85

Interstitial pneumonia

Back 85

Chronic process, thickening of alveolar walls, starts in alveolar septa, enters hematogenously or aerogenously, diffuse lesions

Front 86

Interstitial pneumonia acute gross lesions

Back 86

firm, won't collapse, pink-tan to red, edema w/ rib impressions

Front 87

Interstitial pneumonia acute microscopic lesions

Back 87

Exudate in alveolar, necrotic type I pneumocytes, serofibrinous exudate, hyperemia/edema alveolar walls, hyaline membranes (fibrin/ serum proteins, cell debris that condenses)

Front 88

Interstitial pneumonia subacute/chronic gross lesions

Back 88

moderately firmer

Front 89

Interstitial pnuemonia subcute/chronic microscopic lesions

Back 89

Proliferation of type II pneumoncytes, fibrosis in interstitium and alveolar spaces, inflammatory cells

Front 90

Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema

Back 90

"atypical interstitial pneumonia" "fog fever" lush pasture, conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-methyleneindolenine by cyp-450 in Clara cells->toxic to alveolar lining cells

Front 91

Fog fever lesions

Back 91

enlarged heavy wet lungs with expansion of interlobular septa by edema and emphysema

Front 92

Uremic pneumonopathy

Back 92

increases perm of alveolar=edema, degeneration/mineralization of pulmonary smooth m. and CT.

Front 93

uremic pneumonopathy lesions

Back 93

gritty, porous texture, few inflammatory cells

Front 94

Embolic pneumonia

Back 94

infectious agents reach lung hematogenously

Front 95

Embolic pneumonia due to;

Back 95

sepsis, abscesses, valvular endocarditis, jugular v. thrombi, omphalophlebitis in neonates

Front 96

Embolic pneumonia lesions

Back 96

multifocal, randomly distributed, nodular with red rim/pale center, suppurative and necrotizing

Front 97

Type of neoplasm more common than primary neoplasm in lung

Back 97

metastic neoplasm

Front 98

Most common primary lung neoplasm

Back 98

Adenocarcinomas

Front 99

Plueritis mechanism

Back 99

assoc. w/ pneumonia, via lymphatics/bloodstream, traumatic penetration, direct extension from mediastinal abscess or esophagitis

Front 100

Pleuritis consequences

Back 100

form adhesions between lobes, lung and parietal pleura, fibrosis of pleura can constrict parenchyma->constrictive atelectasis

Front 101

Pyothorax cause

Back 101

bacteria, secondary to pulmonary lesions, penetrating foreign body (dog-grass awns, cat-bite)

Front 102

Pyothorax clinically important in species...

Back 102

cat, dog, horse

Front 103

Pyrothorax

Back 103

"Thoracic empyema" Purulent effusion into pleural cavity

Front 104

Hydrothorax is:

Back 104

Edema fluid accumulation

Front 105

Hydrothorax causes

Back 105

Neoplasia, Congestive heart failure, Hypoproteinemia

Front 106

Hydrothorax acute lesions

Back 106

Clear, water, colorless-light yellow

Front 107

Hydrothorax chronic lesions

Back 107

Pleural opacity due to hyperplasia of mesothelial cells, fibrinous thickening of CT

Front 108

Chylothorax

Back 108

Milk-white lymph accumulation

Front 109

Chylothorax acute lesions

Back 109

Blood also present

Front 110

Chylothorax chronic lesions

Back 110

Can develop well vascularized villous formations (granulation tissue) covered by mesothelium on pleural surface

Front 111

Pneumothorax is:

Back 111

influx of air/gas into pleural cavity, alters pressure from neg to pos

Front 112

Pneumothorax spontaneous

Back 112

rare, rupture of pulmonary parenchyma at pleural surface allowing outside air to flow into pleural cavity (severe pneumonia/necrosis can allow this too)

Front 113

Pneumothorax traumatic

Back 113

Perforation of thoracic wall

Front 114

Pneumothorax lesions

Back 114

Diffuse atelectasis

Front 115

Where do mesotheliomas and metastatic carcinomas occur?

Back 115

Pleural and other visceral surfaces.