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356 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 most common parasites in dogs and cats
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- Cytoisospora
- Giardia - Ancylostoma - Ascarids - Trichuris |
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Esophageal worm of dogs
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Spirocerca lupi
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Geographic distribution of Spirocerca lupi (2)
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- Carribean islands
- Southern US (rare) |
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Egg morphology of Spirocerca lupi
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Paper-clip shaped
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What parasite causes fibrous nodules in the thorax and stomach?
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Spirocerca lupi
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DH of Spirocerca lupi
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Dogs
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IH of Spirocerca lupi
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Dung beetles
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PH of Spirocerca lupi (3)
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- Rodents
- Birds - Snakes |
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What's the problem with Spirocerca lupi larvae?
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Migrates through the aorta
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2 primary problems of Spirocerca lupi
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- Chronic regurgitation that's associated with eating
- Esophageal granulomas |
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4 clinical signs of Spirocerca lupi
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- Chronic regurgitation
- Esophageal granulomas - Thoracic spondylitis - Fibro/osteo- sarcomas |
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What's a common sequella to Spirocerca lupi?
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Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
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Dx of Spirocerca lupi
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Radiograph
- Eggs are difficult to find |
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DH of Physaloptera spp.
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- Dog
- Cat |
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IH of Physaloptera spp.
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Beetles
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Primary morphological characteristic of Physaloptera spp.
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Anterior cuticular collar
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Primary clinical sign of Physaloptera spp.
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Chronic vomiting that's not associated with eating
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Egg morphology of Physaloptera spp.
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Larvated egg
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SN of the common dog hookworm
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Ancylostoma caninum
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Primary morphological characteristic of Ancylostoma caninum
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3 pairs of teeth
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SN of the southern hookworm
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Ancylostoma braziliense
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Host of Ancylostoma braziliense
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- Dog
- Cat |
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Host of Ancylostoma caninum
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Dog
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Primary morphological characteristic of Ancylostoma braziliense
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2 pairs of teeth
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What genus matures from egg to infective L3 in a week?
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Ancylostoma spp.
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Migration of Ancylostoma spp. in naive hosts
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Skin - tracheal
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Migration of Ancylostoma spp. in previously exposed hosts
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Skin - aorta
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2 ways that Ancylostoma spp. is transmitted
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- Skin penetration
- Transmammarily |
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What genus produces black, tarry stools?
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Ancylostoma spp.
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Zoonosis of Ancylostoma spp.
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Cutaneous larval migrans
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SN of the Northern Hookworm
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Uncinaria stenocephala
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Hosts of Uncinaria stenocephala
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- Cat ***
- Dog |
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Morphology of Uncinaria stenocephala
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1 pair of cutting plates
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Primary clincal sign of Uncinaria stenocephala
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Anemia
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Primary mode of transmission of Uncinaria stenocephala in young puppies
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Transmammary
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Primary mode of transmission of Uncinaria stenocephala
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Skin penetration
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SN of the common cat hookworm
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Ancylostoma tubaeformae
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DH of Ancylostoma tubaeformae
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Cat
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Morphology of Ancylostoma tubaeformae
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3 pairs of teeth
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What differentiates Ancylostoma tubaeformae from Ancylostoma caninum
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The species it came out of
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3 genera of Ascarids found in dogs and cats
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- Toxocara
- Toxascaris - Baylisascaris |
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Hosts of Toxocara canis
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Dogs
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Primary transmission method of Toxocara canis in puppies
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Transplacental
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Egg morphology of Toxocara canis
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Unsegmented
- Large, circular |
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Infective stage of Toxocara canis
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L2
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4 methods of transmission of Toxocara canis ranked in order of commonality
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- Ingestion of L2 egg
- Transplacental - Ingestion of PH - Transmammary |
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3 clinical signs of Toxocara canis and their underlying causes
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- Potbelly (due to competition for nutrients)
- Thin body condition (due to competition for nutrients) - Pneumonia (due to larval migration) |
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Dx of Toxocara canis
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Just assume that puppies are infected
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Public health problems with Toxocara canis
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- Visceral larval migrans
- Ocular larval migrans |
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Which Toxocara species has a digitiform appendage on the male tail?
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Toxocara canis
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Which Toxocara species has a thin anterior cervical alae?
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Toxocara canis
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Which Toxocara species has a flared cervical alae?
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Toxocara cati
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Host of Toxocara cati
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Cat
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What transmission type does Toxocara canis have that Toxocara cati does not?
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Transplacental
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3 transmission types of Toxocara cati
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- Ingestion of L2 egg
- Ingestion of PH - Transmammary |
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3 clinical signs of Toxocara cati
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- Dull hair coat
- Unthrifitiness - Enteritis |
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Host of Toxascaris leonina
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Cat
Dog |
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Which ascardid has a blunt tail?
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Toxascaris leonina
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Infective stage of Toxascaris leonina
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L2
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How do you differentiate a Toxocara egg from a Toxascaris egg?
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Toxascaris egg is unpigmented.
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How is Toxascaris leonina transmitted?
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Ingestion of L2 egg
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What differentiates transmission of Toxascaris leonina from other ascarids?
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Per os only
- No transmammary nor transplacental transmission |
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Migration of Toxascaris leonina
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Direct
- No tissue migration |
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Which stage of Ascaroidea is resistant to treatment?
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Arrested larvae
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Which stage of Ascaroidea is susceptible to treatment?
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Migrating larval stages
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2 primary methods of control of Ascaroidea
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- Sanitation
- Early treatment of puppies and kittens |
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Which Ascarid genus is found in wildlife?
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Baylisascaris spp.
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Which Baylisascaris species is in raccoons?
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Baylisascaris procyonis
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Which Baylisascaris species is in skunks?
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Baylisascaris columnaris
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Which Baylisascaris species is in bears?
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Baylisascaris transfuga
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Morphology of Baylisascaris spp. egg
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Oval, thick-walled
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Infective stage of Baylisascaris spp.
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L2 egg
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Zoonotic conditions associated with Baylisascaris spp.
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- Ocular larval migrans
- Cutaneous larval migrans - Cerebral larval migrans |
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SF of Strongyloides stercoralis
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Rhabditoidea
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In which nematode species are only the females parasitic?
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis
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L3
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Which stage of Strongyloides stercoralis is passed in feces?
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L1 larvae
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Which species reproduces by parthenogenesis?
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Clinical sign of Strongyloides stercoralis in adults
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Asymptommatic
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Clincal sign of Strongyloides stercoralis in pups (2)
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- Weight loss
- Listlessness |
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Dx of Strongyloides stercoralis
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Baermann method
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Clinical sign of Giardia intestinalis
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Chronic, recurrent diarrhea
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Two classes of animals that Giardia intestinalis is common in
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- Young
- Immunocompromised |
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Control of Giardia intestinalis
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Clean water
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What are the only two Taenia species that are zoonotic?
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- Taenia saginata
- Taenia solium |
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DH of Taenia hydatigena
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Dog
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IH of Taenia hydatigena (4)
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- Sheep
- Goat - Cow - Pig |
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DH of Teania pisiformis
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Dog
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IH of Taenia pisiformis
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Rabbit
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DH of Taenia taeniaeformis
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Cat
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IH of Taenia Taeniaeformis
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Rodents
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Where is Taenia spp. located?
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Small intestines
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Morphology of Taenia spp. segments (2)
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- Irregularly alternate single lateral pore
- One set of reproductive organs per segment |
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Two larval stages of Taenia spp. in the IH
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- Coenurus
- Cysticercus |
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Egg morphology of Taenia spp.
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Radially striated
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Dx of Taenia spp. (2)
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- Flotation
- Finding segments in feces |
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Three other Taenia species of minor importance in the USA
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- Taenia ovis
- Taenia multiceps - Taenia serialis |
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Which Giardia assemblage is zoonotic? (2)
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A and B
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Which Giardia assemblage is primarily in dogs? (2)
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C and D
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Which Giardia assemblage is primarily in livestock?
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E
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Which Giardia assemblage is primarily in cats?
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F
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What phylum are coccidia in?
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Apicomplexa
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3 life cycle stages of Cytoisospora that occur in the intestinal tract
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- Merogony
- Gamogony - Syngamy |
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Life cycle stage of Cytoisospora that occurs in the environment
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Sporogony
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Which stage of Cytoisospora is passed in the feces?
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Unsporulated oocyst
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Which stage of Cytoisospora is infective?
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Sporulated oocyst
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Sporocyst:sporozoite situation of Cytoisospora
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2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites
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How does Cytoisospora often present clinically?
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Asymptommatic
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Two clinical signs of Cytoisospora
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- Enteritis
- Diarrhea |
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When should you treat Cytoisospora?
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When fecal float is positive with mushy diarrhea
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Control of Cytoisospora
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Sanitation
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DH of Toxoplasma gondii
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Cats
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3 ways cats become infected with Toxoplasma gondii
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- Ingest IH
- Ingest sporulated oocyst - Transplacental (rare) |
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4 important IH of Toxoplasma gondii
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- Humans
- Swine - Sheep - Rodents |
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Two life cycles of Toxoplasma gondii
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- Enteroepithelial
- Extraintestinal |
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Which LC of Toxoplasma gondii is asymptommatic?
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Enteroepithelial
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Two genera that have similar oocysts to Toxoplasma gondii
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- Basnoitia
- Hammondia |
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Which LC of Toxoplasma gondii is hard to diagnose?
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Extraintestinal
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Which stage of Toxoplasma gondii has no treatment?
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Intestinal (enteroepithelial)
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3 methods of control of Toxoplasma gondii
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- Advise cat owners
- Avoid predation - Sanitation |
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4 pieces of advice you'd give to a pregnant woman or AIDS patient in regards to Toxoplasma gondii
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- Serologically test your cat (+ good for pregnant, bad for AIDS)
- Keep cat indoors or outdoors, not both - Clean up cat feces every day (48 hours for sporulation to occur in environment) - Cook meat |
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What's the #1 source of Toxoplasma gondii infected meat?
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Pork
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Which two Taenia species have a coenurus larva?
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T. multiceps
T. serialis |
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Which Cestode species is USDA reportable?
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Echinococcus granulosas
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DH of Echinococcus granulosas
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Dogs/canids
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IH of Echinococcus granulosas
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Mammals
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What's important about Echinococcus granulosas fecal Dx?
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Eggs indistiginuishable from Taenia
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Two locations Echinococcus granulosas localizes
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- Liver
- Lung |
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What is the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosas called?
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Hydatid cyst
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Control of Echinococcus granulosas in dogs (3)
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- Don't feed raw offal
- Treat infected dogs prophylactically in high risk areas - Control wild canids |
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Zoonotic disease of Echinococcus granulosas
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Hydatid Cyst Disease
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2 transmission cycles of Echinococcus granulosas
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- Domestic (dog/[domestic animal])
- Sylvatic ([canid]/[animal]) |
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DH of Echinococcus multiocularis
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Red fox
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IH of Echinococcus multiocularis
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Microtene rodents (voles, lemmings)
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LC type of Echinococcus multiocularis
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Sylvatic
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What makes treating Echinococcus granulosas tricky?
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If you rupture the capsule, each protoscolex released can form a new capsule
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Primary concern of Echinococcus multiocularis
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Spreading in northern USA
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Term for infection with Echinococcus multiocularis
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Alveolar hydatid disease
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Progression of Echinococcus multiocularis
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Comparmentalized hydatid cyst may spread invasively from primary visceral site
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What is known as the double-pored tapeworm?
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Dipylidium caninum
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DH of Dipylidium caninum
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- Dog
- Cat |
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IH of Dipylidium caninum
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Larval stage of Ctenocephalides spp.
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Larval stage of Dipylidium caninum
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Cysticercoid
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Morphological characteristic of Dipylidium caninum (2)
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- Four suckers
- Rostellum with small hooks |
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Proglottid morphology of Dipylidium caninum (2)
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- 2 pores per proglottid
- 2 sets of reproductive organs per proglottid |
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Egg type of Dipylidium caninum
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Lays eggs in baskets with multiple eggs in them
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DH of Mesocestoides spp.
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- Dog
- Cat |
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Which Cestode has two IHs? (2)
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- Mesocestoides spp.
- Spirometra mansonoides |
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Which parasite competes with the host for nutrients?
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Toxocara canis
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2nd IH of Mesocestoides spp.
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Various vertebrates
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Morphology of Mesocestoides spp. proglottids
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- Central genital pore
- Central reproductive organs |
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Which species has a paruterine organ surrounding the uterus?
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Mesocestoides spp.
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What organ does Mesocestoides spp. have surrounding the uterus in the proglottids?
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Paruterine organ
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Morphology of Mesocestoides spp. egg
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Non-striated egg (smooth walled) surrounding a Hexacanth embryo
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Which stage of Mesocestoides spp. is in the first IH?
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Cysticercoid
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Which stage of Mesocestoides spp. is in the second IH?
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Tetrahydrium
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Infective stage of Mesocestoides spp.
|
Tetrahydrium in 2nd IH
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What's unique about Mesocestoides spp. populations?
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May reproduce by binary fission, increasing population dramatically
- Both adult and tetrahydrium are capable of binary fission |
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Clinical sign of Mesocestoides spp.
|
Peritonitis with Ascites
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Which parasite can undergo binary fission?
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Mesocestoides spp.
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Where is Spirometra mansonoides found?
|
Gulf Coast region of Texas (Houston, Beaumont, Corpus, etc.)
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DH of Spirometra mansonoides
|
- Cat ***
- Dog |
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1st IH of Spirometra mansonoides
|
Copepod
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2nd IH of Spirometra mansonoides
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Frog
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What stage of Spirometra mansonoides is in the 1st IH?
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Procercoid
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What stage of Spirometra mansonoides is in the 2nd IH?
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Plerocercoid
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PH of Spirometra mansonoides (3 classes)
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- Reptiles
- Birds - Mammals |
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Morphology of Spirometra mansonoides
|
Unarmed scolex with two longitudinal grooves called bothria
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What parasite has Bothria?
|
Spirometra mansonoides
|
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Gravid proglottid morphology of Spirometra mansonoides
|
Has a genital and uterine pore
- Genital pore anterior to uterine pore |
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What stage of Spirometra mansonoides is passed in feces?
|
Operculated unembryonated eggs
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LC of Spirometra mansonoides
|
- Operculated unembryonated egg passed in feces
- Coracidium develops in egg - Coracidium hatches in water - Copepod eats coracidium - Procercoid develops in copepod - Copepod eaten by frog - Plerocercoid develops in frog - Frog eaten by PH or DH |
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Symptoms of Spirometra mansonoides
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Asymptommatic
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Dx of Spirometra mansonoides
|
Sedimentation
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Zoonotic potential of Spirometra mansonoides
|
Sparganosis
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Name of the only trematode found in dogs
|
Nanophyetus salmincola
|
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CN of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
Salmon poison fluke
|
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DH of Nanophyetus salmincola (3)
|
- Dogs
- Minks - Bears |
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1st IH of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
Water snails
|
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2nd IH of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
Fish
- Especially salmon |
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Morphology of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
White, 'hexagonal oval' shaped flukes
|
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Egg morphology of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
Operculated, yellowish brown egg
|
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What stage develops in Nanophyetus salmincola egg?
|
Miracidium
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What stage is infective to Nanophyetus salmincola 1st IH?
|
Miracidium
|
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What stage is infective to Nanophyetus salmincola 2nd IH?
|
Cercariae
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What Nanophyetus salmincola stage is infective to DH?
|
Metacercaria
|
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What is the actual causative agent for the pathological effects associated with Nanophyetus salmincola?
|
Neorickettsia helmintheca
- Nanophyetus salmincola is the vector |
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What does Nanophyetus salmincola cause?
|
Salmon poisoning
- Via Neorickettsia helmintheca |
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Clinical symptoms of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
Hemorrhagic enteritis
|
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What dog parasite has a mortality rate of 50 - 90%?
|
Nanophyetus salmincola
|
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Control of Nanophyetus salmincola
|
Prevent dogs from ingesting raw fish
|
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Two dog parasites in Phylum Acanthocephala
|
- Onicola canis
- Macracanthorhynchus ingens |
|
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DH of Onicola canis
|
- Dog
- Cat |
|
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What wildlife species is Onicola canis common in?
|
Coyotes
|
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IH of Onicola canis
|
Arthropods
|
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LC of Onicola canis (4 steps)
|
Egg containing acanthor --> ingested by arthropod --> develops to acanthella then cystacanth in IH (--> IH ingested by PH) --> DH ingests IH or PH
|
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Infective stage of Onicola canis
|
Cystacanth
|
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Pathology of Onicola canis (2)
|
- Asymptommatic primarily
- Adults can cause peritonitis if deeply embedded in walls |
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DH of Macracanthorhynchus ingens
|
- Raccoon
- Dog |
|
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IH of Macracanthorhynchus ingens
|
Millipedes
|
|
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PH of Macracanthorhynchus ingens (3)
|
- Snakes
- Rodents - Frogs |
|
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Which species of Trichuris is found in dogs?
|
Trichuris vulpis
|
|
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Which species of Trichuris is found in cats?
|
Trichuris campanula (rare)
|
|
|
Morphology of Trichuris spp. eggs
|
Smooth shelled, pigmented, with bipolar plugs
|
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Infective stage of Trichuris spp.
|
L1 egg
|
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PPP of Trichuris spp.
|
3 months
|
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Why is Trichuris spp. more of a problem in adolescent and adult dogs than puppies?
|
3 month long PPP
|
|
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Required specific gravity for flotation of Trichuris spp.
|
1.2
|
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What is the protozoa that exists in the LI of dogs?
|
Pentatrichomonas hominis
|
|
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Stage of Pentatrichomonas hominis in the LI
|
Trophozoite only
- Has no cyst stage |
|
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Which dog parasite has progressive corkscrew motility?
|
Pentatrichomonas hominis
|
|
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3 DH of Dirofilaria immitis
|
- Dog
- Cat - Ferret |
|
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IH of Dirofilaria immitis (3)
|
- Culex
- Anopheles - Aedes |
|
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What stage of Dirofilaria immitis is considered the microfilaria?
|
L1
|
|
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Which stage of Dirofilaria immitis is infective to the host?
|
L3
|
|
|
Lifespan of Dirofilaria immitis
|
Adults can live for 5 - 7 years in dogs, 2 years in cats
- Microfilaria can live for up to 2 years |
|
|
Primary clinical symptom of Dirofilaria immitis
|
Primary pulmonary disease
|
|
|
5 clinical signs of Dirofilaria immitis
|
- Fibrosis of pulmonary aa. --> hypertension --> Right sided heart failure
- Chronic, nonproductive cough - Exercise intolerance - Ascites - Hepatic fibrosis |
|
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Dirofilaria immitis causes pulmonary arterial disease more than cardiac disease
|
Dirofilaria immitis causes pulmonary arterial disease more than cardiac disease
|
|
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What's the general rule of thumb for severity of lesions in regards to Dirofilaria immitis?
|
Worm burden x time = increasing severity
|
|
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What is vena cava syndrome?
|
Crisis associated with large numbers of Dirofilaria immitis adults obstructing venous return to vena cava and right atrium
|
|
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4 parasitologic tests to identify Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria in the blood
|
- Direct test
- Buffy coat examination - Filtration - Centrifugation (Knott's test) |
|
|
Adulticidal drug for Dirofilaria immitis
|
Melarsemide
|
|
|
Microfilaricidal drug for Dirofilaria immitis
|
There are none.
|
|
|
What bacteria is symbiotic with adult Dicrofilaria immitis?
|
Wolbachia
|
|
|
What's used to kill Wolbachia?
|
Doxycycline
|
|
|
What does administration of doxycycline do in regards to Dicrofilaria immitis infection?
|
Decreases intensity of inflammation in pulmonary arteries by killing Wolbachia
|
|
|
What drug is contraindicated in Dicrofilaria immitis treatment?
|
Aspirin
|
|
|
When should prophylactic treatment of Dicrofilaria immitis be started in dogs?
|
4 - 6 weeks of age
|
|
|
What's unique about Dicrofilaria immitis migration in cats?
|
Erratic migration so worms can be found in a variety of locations
|
|
|
4 clinical symptoms of Dicrofilaria immitis in cats
|
- Chronic vomiting
- Coughing - Asthma-like wheezing - Sudden death |
|
|
2 basic types of immunodiagnostic tests used to test for Dicrofilaria immitis
|
- AG testing
- AB testing |
|
|
When should prophylactic treatment of Dicrofilaria immitis be started in cats?
|
8 weeks
|
|
|
How do you treat Dicrofilaria immitis in cats?
|
Let it resolve on its own.
- Active treatment is contraindicated because arsenical drugs are very hepatotoxic to in cats - There are no drugs labeled for usage in cats |
|
|
What causes Chaga's Disease?
|
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
|
|
2 stages of Trypanosoma cruzi in the vertebrate host
|
- Trypomastigote
- Amastigote |
|
|
Stage of Trypanosoma cruzi in the vector
|
Epimastigote
|
|
|
IH of Trypanosoma cruzi
|
Triatoma
|
|
|
3 methods of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi
|
- Stercorarian
- Ingestion of IH - Transplacental |
|
|
What occurs during acute infection of Trypanosoma cruzi?
|
Fatal, Inflammatory myocarditis
|
|
|
What does the acute stage of Trypanosoma cruzi often occur in? (age range of species)
|
Young dogs
|
|
|
2 clinical signs of Trypanosoma cruzi in adult dogs
|
- Dilitative cardiomyopathy
- Electrical conduction disturbance |
|
|
Prevalence of Chaga's Disease
|
2nd most common infectious disease causing cardiac lesions in dogs
|
|
|
Radiographically, what must Chaga's be differentiated from?
|
Dirofilaria immitis
|
|
|
3 diagnosis methods for Trypanosoma cruzi
|
- Blood film
- Serology - Radiography |
|
|
Tx of Trypanosoma cruzi
|
None really, just a progressively debilitating disease that results in death
- Offer supportive care to prolong life |
|
|
Two things to keep in mind in regards to zoonosis of Trypanosoma cruzi
|
- Needle sticks (handling infected blood)
- Living with a Chagas infected dog doesn't drastically increase chances of transmission to owner |
|
|
What is the 'large' babesia of canines?
|
Babesia canis
|
|
|
What is the 'small' babesia of canines?
|
Babesia gibsoni
|
|
|
4 clinical signs of acute Babesia canis infection
|
- Anemia
- Icterus - Anorexia/emaciation - Death |
|
|
What is Babesia canis transmitted by?
|
Rhipicephalus sanguineas
|
|
|
2 methods of transmission of Babesia canis within the ticks themselves
|
- Transstadially
- Transovarially |
|
|
2 clinical signs of chronic Babesia canis infection
|
- Anemia
- Lethargy |
|
|
Vector of Babesia gibsoni
|
Rhipicephalus sanguineas
|
|
|
Which Babesia species of dogs is usually chronic?
|
Babesia gibsoni
|
|
|
4 symptoms of Babesia gibsoni
|
- Marked anemia
- Hemoglobinuria - Splenomegaly - Hepatomegaly |
|
|
Which species of Babesia in dogs is relatively easy to cure?
|
Babesia canis
|
|
|
3 methods of diagnosis of Babesia gibsoni
|
- Find piroplasms in stained blood film
- Serology - Molecular diagnostics |
|
|
Reservoir hosts of Cyauxzoon felis (2)
|
- Bobcats
- Ocelots |
|
|
Vector of Cyauxzoon felis
|
Dermacentor variabilis
|
|
|
Where are Cyauxzoon felis meronts usually located? (4)
|
- Liver
- Lung - LN - Spleen |
|
|
Where are Cyauxzoon felis piroplasms located?
|
RBCs
|
|
|
What parasite induces a rapidly fatal disease in cats?
|
Cyauxzoon felis
|
|
|
What parasite might occlude BVs in cats?
|
Cyauxzoon felis
|
|
|
4 clinical signs of Cyauxzoon felis
|
- Crashing anemia
- Spiking fever - Lethargy - Death (due to occlusion of pulmonary vasculature) |
|
|
Dx of Cyauxzoon felis
|
ID ring form in RBCs
|
|
|
Host of Hepatozoon americanum
|
Dog
|
|
|
Vector of Hepatozoon americanum
|
Amblyomma maculatum
|
|
|
What parasite is transmitted through the ingestion of a tick?
|
Hepatozoon americanum
|
|
|
Transmission of Hepatozoon americanum
|
Dog must ingest tick
|
|
|
Where are Hepatozoon americanum meronts located?
|
Muscle as 'onion skin' cysts
|
|
|
Where are Hepatozoon americanum gamonts located?
|
Leukocytes
|
|
|
5 clinical signs of Hepatozoon americanum
|
- High intensity fever
- Neutrophilia - Muscle pain (not wanting to move/be pet) - Periosteal bone prolliferation - Death |
|
|
Dx of Hepatozoon americanum (3)
|
- Elevated WBC counts
- Hypercalcemia - Radiographs (for bone proliferation) |
|
|
DH of Heterobilharzia americana (2)
|
- Dog
- Raccoons |
|
|
IH of Heterobilharzia americana
|
Lymnaeid snail
|
|
|
Location of Heterobilharzia americana in host
|
Mesenteric veins
|
|
|
Which parasite is located within the mesenteric veins?
|
Heterobilharzia americana
|
|
|
Infective stage of Heterobilharzia americana to IH
|
Miracidium
|
|
|
Infective stage of Heterobilharzia americana to DH
|
Cercaria
|
|
|
Transmission of Heterobilharzia americana
|
Skin penetration by cercaria
|
|
|
2 clinical signs of Heterobilharzia americana
|
- Granulomatous, chronic hepatitis
- Bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Egg morphology of Heterobilharzia americana
|
Large, oval, thin-walled eggs without spines
|
|
|
Which parasite must be diagnosed by sedimentation in saline?
|
Heterobilharzia americana
- Eggs hatch in water |
|
|
What SF is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in?
|
Metastrongyloidea
|
|
|
DH of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
|
Cat
|
|
|
IH of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (2)
|
- Snail
- Slug |
|
|
PH of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (4)
|
- Bird
- Rodent - Amphibians - Reptiles |
|
|
Stage of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus passed in feces
|
L1 larvae
|
|
|
Transmission of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
|
Ingestion of PH and IH with L3 larvae
|
|
|
Clinical signs of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
|
Usually none
- May have chronic cough |
|
|
Two ways to Dx Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
|
- ID larvae with characteristic kinked tail
- Respiratory lavage |
|
|
Two species of Filaroides in dogs
|
- Filaroides osleri
- Filaroides hirthi |
|
|
SF of Filaroides spp.
|
Metastrongyloidea
|
|
|
Which Filaroides species is located in the lung parenchyma?
|
Filaroides hirthi
|
|
|
Which Filaroides species is located in the trachea?
|
Filaroides osleri
|
|
|
3 fluids that Filaroides are passed in
|
- Feces
- Vomit - Bronchial secretions |
|
|
Which stage of Filaroides spp. is passed in bodily secretions?
|
L1 larvae
|
|
|
Which genus of dog parasites has larvae that are immediately infective?
|
Filaroides spp.
|
|
|
Transmission of Filaroides spp.
|
Ingestion of infective larvae
|
|
|
Clinical signs of Filaroides osleri (3)
|
- Mechanical interference with breathing
- Verminous bronchitis - Dry cough |
|
|
Clinical signs of Filaroides hirthi
|
Usually asymptommatic
- Interstitial pneumonia |
|
|
3 diagnostic techniques for Filaroides spp.
|
- Direct smears
- ID larvae in sputum - Endoscopy for Filaroides osleri |
|
|
SF of Capillaria spp.
|
Trichuroidea
|
|
|
Hosts of Capillaria aerophila
|
- Dog
- Cat |
|
|
Hosts of Capillaria bohmi
|
Dog
|
|
|
Which Capillaria spp. is found in the trachea and bronchi?
|
Capillaria aerophila
|
|
|
Which Capillaria spp.is found in the nasal cavities?
|
Capillaria bohmi
|
|
|
Egg shape of Capillaria spp.
|
Bipolar plugged single celled eggs
|
|
|
Infective stage of Capillaria spp.
|
L1 egg
|
|
|
2 symptoms of Capillaria bohmi
|
- Nasal discharge
- Sneezing |
|
|
3 symptoms of Capillaria aerophila
|
- Tracheitis
- Bronchitis - Chronic cough |
|
|
What do you have to distinguish Capillaria spp. from?
|
Trichuris spp. eggs
|
|
|
How to diagnose Capillaria bohmi? (2)
|
- Eggs in feces
- Nasal discharge |
|
|
How to diagnose Capillaria aerophila? (2)
|
- Eggs in feces
- Respiratory wash |
|
|
How to diagnose Capillaria plica?
|
Urine sedimentation
|
|
|
DH of Paragonimus kellicotti (3)
|
- Dog
- Cat - Pig |
|
|
1st IH of Paragonimus kellicotti
|
Water snail
|
|
|
Which parasite has a crayfish as its 2nd intermediary host?
|
Paragonimus kellicotti
|
|
|
Infective stage of Paragonimus kellicotti
|
Metacercaria
|
|
|
Transmission of Paragonimus kellicotti
|
Ingestion of 2nd IH
|
|
|
4 possible clinical signs of Paragonimus kellicotti
|
- Eosinophilic granulomatous reaction to eggs in lungs
- Dyspnea - Coughing - Malaise |
|
|
Dx of Paragonimus kellicotti
|
- Sedimentation
- Radiology |
|
|
Which species of parasite appears as a signet ring on radiographs?
|
Paragonimus kellicotti
|
|
|
What parasite causes 'lizard poisoning'?
|
Platynosomum fastosum
|
|
|
DH of Platynosomum fastosum
|
Cats
|
|
|
1st IH of Platynosomum fastosum
|
Land snail
|
|
|
2nd IH of Platynosomum fastosum
|
Lizards
|
|
|
Pathologic change of Platynosomum fastosum
|
Enlargement of bile ducts
|
|
|
4 symptoms of Platynosomum fastosum
|
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting - Icterus - Death |
|
|
Dx of Platynosomum fastosum
|
Sedimentation
|
|
|
What is Leishmania reportable to when found in animals?
|
TAHC
|
|
|
What is Leishmania reportable to when found in humans?
|
TDSHS
|
|
|
Vertebrate hosts of Leishmania (2)
|
- Dog
- Humans |
|
|
Vector of Leishmania
|
Lutzomyia
|
|
|
Stage of Leishmania found in vertebrate hosts
|
Amastigotes
|
|
|
Stage of Leishmania found in vector
|
Promastigote
|
|
|
What parasite causes a chronic, wasting visceral disease?
|
Leishmania
|
|
|
2 visceral pathologic changes caused by Leishmania
|
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Lymphadenopathy |
|
|
2 external diagnostic signs of Leishmania
|
- Spectacled appearance to eyes due to hair loss
- Excessive toenail growth |
|
|
Dx of Leishmania (2)
|
- ID amastigotes on smears
- History of foreign residency |
|
|
What is the cutaneous form of Leishmania?
|
Leishmania mexicana
|
|
|
Clinical signs of Leishmania mexicana
|
Nodules on foot pads, nose, and ears where the fly bites
|
|
|
DH of Dracunculus insignis
|
- Dog
- Cat |
|
|
IH of Dracunculus insignis
|
Copepod
|
|
|
PH of Dracunculus insignis
|
Amphibians
|
|
|
Infective stage of Dracunculus insignis
|
L3
|
|
|
Clinical sign of Dracunculus insignis
|
Cutaneous ulcer where worm may protrude
|
|
|
Tx of Dracunculus insignis
|
Surgical removal
|
|
|
Human form of Dracunculus
|
Dracunculus medinensis
|
|
|
DH of Capillaria plica
|
- Dog
- Cat |
|
|
Egg type of Capillaria plica
|
Bipolar plugged eggs
|
|
|
2 potential clinical signs of Capillaria plica
|
- Cystitis
- Stranguria |
|
|
What is the largest parasitic nematode known?
|
Dioctophyma renale
|
|
|
Two dog/cat parasites diagnosable in urine
|
- Capillaria plica
- Dioctophyma renale |
|
|
Egg morphology of Dioctophyma renale
|
Large, barrel-shaped eggs with pitted shells
|
