2Psy310Sexualdifferentiation

Front 1

gonadal sex determines ____ sex

Back 1

phenotypic

Front 2

what directs sexual differentiation

Back 2

gonads

Front 3

_____ sex determines phenotypic sex

Back 3

gonadal

Front 4

_____ sex determines gonadal sex

Back 4

genetic

Front 5

genetic sex determines ____ sex

Back 5

gonadal

Front 6

what hormones do ovaries secrete?

Back 6

none

Front 7

what do the hormones that the testes secrete do?

Back 7

masculinize the body

Front 8

stimulate development of testes

Back 8

protein released from SRY

Front 9

____ makes male fetus more fragile

Back 9

testosterone

Front 10

____ boys conceived for every ___ girls

Back 10

120, 100

Front 11

_____ are made in the yolk sac and migrate to the genital ridge

Back 11

germ cells/gamete precursors

Front 12

germ cells/gamete precursors are made in the yolk sac and migrate to the _____

Back 12

genital ridge

Front 13

testes secrete

Back 13

anti-Mullerian hormone

Front 14

_____ masculinizes external genitalia

Back 14

androgen

Front 15

_____ masculinizes body

Back 15

testicular hormones

Front 16

_____ causes male phenotype

Back 16

Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome

Front 17

____ directs differentiation of genital ridges

Back 17

SRY gene

Front 18

when is SRY gene activated?

Back 18

after ridges develop (4 weeks gestation)

Front 19

SRY causes

Back 19

production of testes

Front 20

promotes ovarian development

Back 20

DAX-1 on X chromosome

Front 21

____ overrides DAX-1 in males

Back 21

SRY

Front 22

male W/M

Back 22

promote W, inhibit M

Front 23

female

Back 23

promote M, inhibit W

Front 24

what causes mullerian to regress

Back 24

anti-mullerian hormone

Front 25

anti-mullerian hormone secreted by

Back 25

testes

Front 26

M develops into (3 things)

Back 26

oviducts, uterus, and vagina

Front 27

W develops into (4 things)

Back 27

epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and seminal vesicles

Front 28

_______ causes male structures to develop, ______ causes female structures to develop

Back 28

circulating testosterone, lack of testosterone

Front 29

long lasting, usually permanent changes, most occur around birth and at puberty

Back 29

organizational effects

Front 30

short lasting, effects only occur while hormone is present

Back 30

activational

Front 31

____ needed to sustain cells in SDN

Back 31

testosterone

Front 32

SDN larger in ___ than ____

Back 32

males, females

Front 33

take out SDN in male rats

Back 33

won’t mount females, will allow other males to mount them

Front 34

Sex behavior and SDN size regulated by _____ hormones in rats

Back 34

perinatal

Front 35

castrate at birth

Back 35

SDN small

Front 36

testosterone at birth in females

Back 36

large SDN

Front 37

large SDN

Back 37

causes male sex behavior, inhibits female sex behavior

Front 38

small SDN

Back 38

causes lordosis

Front 39

maybe gay men have smaller _____

Back 39

INAH3

Front 40

INAH 3 may be homologous to rodent ____

Back 40

SDN-POA

Front 41

INAH3 bigger in ____ than _____

Back 41

males, females

Front 42

one side of body is male, one side is female

Back 42

Gynandromorph

Front 43

Many sex differences in the brain and behavior are due to the conversion of _____ to _____ inside neurons in the brain

Back 43

testosterone, estradiol

Front 44

Small amounts of estradiol from female ovaries or from mom is sequestered by ______

Back 44

alpha-fetoprotein

Front 45

enough estradiol at birth will...

Back 45

...overpower alpha-fetoprotein and create

Front 46

____ converted to ____ inside neuron

Back 46

testosterone, estradiol

Front 47

Many synthetic compounds used in herbicides, pesticides, etc. can mimic _____

Back 47

steroid hormones

Front 48

synthetic steroids can act as ______, blocking ______

Back 48

contraceptives, gamete formation

Front 49

synthetic steroids are

Back 49

endocrine disruptors

Front 50

men and women given baby dressed up as opposite sex- babies dressed as boys given guns, girls given dolls

Back 50

baby X experiment

Front 51

rat mothers lick the anogenital region of _____ more than _____

Back 51

sons, daughters

Front 52

If make rat mothers _____, they groom all the pups less

Back 52

unable to smell

Front 53

Male pups who are deprived of their mother’s anogenital grooming have ______

Back 53

fewer SNB cells

Front 54

Males who had gotten less licking had fewer _____ survive than males who had gotten more licking

Back 54

motor neurons

Front 55

Turner's syndrome genotype

Back 55

XO

Front 56

Develop as female, but lack normal ovaries so do not enter puberty

Back 56

Turner's syndrome

Front 57

Generally short stature, broad chest, and cognitive deficits

Back 57

Turner's syndrome

Front 58

Klinefelter's syndrome genotype

Back 58

XXY or XXXY

Front 59

Androgen insensitivity syndrome genotype

Back 59

XY

Front 60

Male, but feminine body shape

Back 60

Klinefelter's syndrome

Front 61

female breast development

Back 61

gynecomastia

Front 62

Disorder: infertile, usually learning disabilities

Back 62

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Front 63

Disorder: Because testes are smaller, don’t secrete much testosterone- if given early enough, can prevent effects

Back 63

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Front 64

Disorder: Testes develop normally because of SRY

Back 64

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Front 65

Disorder: AMH secretion causes Mullerian ducts to regress

Back 65

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Front 66

Disorder: Secreted testosterone can’t promote W ducts to produce male internal structures

Back 66

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Front 67

Disorder: External genitalia develops as if female, but also have testes

Back 67

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Front 68

Disorder: Do not menstruate, don’t have pubic hair, infertile

Back 68

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Front 69

Disorder: Can affect males and females, but much more dramatic in females

Back 69

CAH

Front 70

Disorder: Defect in enzyme synthesizing corticosteroid hormones (causes excess T production, but not as much as testes would produce)

Back 70

CAH

Front 71

Disorder: M ducts develop (no AMH), but W ducts do too

Back 71

CAH

Front 72

Disorder: Masculanization of external genitalia in females (enlarged clitoris, fused labia)

Back 72

CAH

Front 73

In CAH, because they can't make adrenal corticosteroids,

Back 73

negative feedback is lost, hypothalamus and pituitary start making hormones calling for adrenal steroids

Front 74

____ binds to androgen receptor better than testosterone

Back 74

DHT

Front 75

5alpha caused by...

Back 75

atypical gene

Front 76

Disorder: Because of atypical gene, leads to deficiency in enzyme

Back 76

5α-reductase deficiency

Front 77

Disorder: In XY, testes make T to masculinize Wolffian ducts, but skin has too little reductase to produce much DHT from T

Back 77

5α-reductase deficiency

Front 78

Disorder: At puberty, testicular androgens further masculinize the exterior, presenting a mostly male phenotype

Back 78

5α-reductase deficiency

Front 79

Disorder: FOund in dominican

Back 79

5α-reductase deficiency

Front 80

Disorder: Little beard growth, but masculine build

Back 80

5α-reductase deficiency

Front 81

If a Y chromosome is present, ____ form

Back 81

testes

Front 82

If no Y chromosome is present, ____ form

Back 82

ovaries

Front 83

what overrides DAX-1?

Back 83

SRY

Front 84

What overrides SRY?

Back 84

2 DAX-1s

Front 85

to masculinize external genitalia, need

Back 85

testosterone and its conversion to DHT

Front 86

SNB

Back 86

spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus

Front 87

hormones that rise in puberty

Back 87

adrenal, gonadal sex steroids and growth hormone

Front 88

what triggers gonadal secretion in puberty?

Back 88

pituitary gonadotropins

Front 89

Urethral folds don’t fully enclose urethra

Back 89

hypospadias