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97 Cards in this Set
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hormone
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A chemical made in one part of the body, released into bloodstream, where it reaches another part of the body and has an effect there
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allomones
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across species (flowers to bees)
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secrete hormone(s) inside the body
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endocrine glands
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5 endocrine glands
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pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads
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Controls all endocrine glands in body
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pituitary
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dangles from, controlled by hypothalamus
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pituitary
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important in controlling gonads
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anterior pituitary
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important in emotional arousal for sex
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medulla of adrenal gland
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4 types of hormones
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protein/peptide, monoamine, prostaglandins, steroids
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String of amino acids bound together
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protein/peptide hormones
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Act similarly to neurotransmitters
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protein/peptide hormones
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Interact with receptor protein (large, complex protein that spans membrane) at target cell, then leaves
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protein/peptide hormones
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May cause target cell to release its own hormone, change gene expression
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protein/peptide hormones
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Important for neurotransmitters
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monoamine hormones
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ex of monoamine
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melatonin, epinephrine/adrenaline
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Need enzymes to modify amino acid to make
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monoamine
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Mixture of hydrocarbon and lipid
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prostaglandins
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Smaller than peptides/proteins
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steroids
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Specialized signaling molecules, need to be constructed
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steroids
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Interconnected rings of carbon atoms
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steroids
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"
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Enter inside the cell (easy for them to go through membranes), both go directly to DNA to regulate gene expression"
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________ --> 4 enzymatic steps --> _______ --> most steroids
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cholesterol, progesterone
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can turn testosterone into ____ using ____ or ____ using ______
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estradiol/aromatase, DHT/5 alpha reductase
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where is aromatase found?
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ovary
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responsible for male pattern baldness
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5 alpha reductase
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Testes secrete _____ such as _____ and ______
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androgens, testosterone, DHT
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2 classes of steroids secreted by ovaries
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estrogens, progestins
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promotes pregnancy
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progestins
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where are the progestins used to make estrogens found?
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thecal cells in follicle
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where is aromatase used to make estradiols found?
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granulosa cell
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how are estrogens made?
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cholesterol --> progestins --> androgens --> estradiols
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2 classes of steroids secreted by adrenal glands
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glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
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where are steroids secreted from in adrenal glands?
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outer layer (cortex)
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negative feedback in BC
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birth control pills have estrogen/progestin that tell brain you don't need gonadotropins --> no follicles stimulated --> no egg released
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None
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receptor agonist examples
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tamoxifen, RU486
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tamoxifen is an ____ agonist
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estrogen
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RU486 is an ____ agonist
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progestin
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preferred breast cancer treatment
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aromatase inhibitors bind to an enzyme, but won’t change shape like the regular substrate would
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____ promotes lining of uterus to support baby
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progestin
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2 enzyme inhibitors
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aromatase inhibitors, finasteride
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Treating with _____ helps menopause symptoms
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estrogen
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_____ + _____ = higher libido in women
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estrogen, androgen
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steroid hormones are ____
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lipophilic
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Stretch of DNA that recognizes and binds to particular steroid receptor complex
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response element
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steroid hormones act through ____
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receptors
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a large protein that binds to the steroid, so the 2 alter gene expression
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receptor
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___ receptor(s) for estrogen
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2
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___ receptor(s) for androgen
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1
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Only ___________ can respond to particular steroid hormone
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cells that express receptor gene
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Oxycontin, vasopressin made in _____, released by _____
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hypothalamus, pituitary
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phases of menstrual cycle
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menstrual, follicular, luneal
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steroids in BC tell brain that
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no GnRH is needed
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because brain thinks no GnRH is needed,
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anterior pituitary does not release FSH or LH
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if anterior pituitary does not release FSH or LH,
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no ovulation
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most women have _____ periods
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350-400
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tamoxifen is an anti-____
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estrogen
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RU-486 is an anti-____
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progesterone
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finasteride inhibits
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5alpha
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Prepare uterus and cervix for childbirth
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prostaglandins
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steroids are made out of ____
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cholesterol
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aromatase converts ___ to _____
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testosterone, estradiol
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____ converts testosterone to estradiol
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aromatase
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3 steroids secreted by ovaries
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estrogens, progestins, androgens
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testosterone secreted by (3 places)
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adrenal cortex, Leydig cells in testes and thecal cells in ovary
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testosterone secreted by ___ in testes
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Leydig cells
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testosterone secreted by ___ in ovary
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thecal cells
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In women, main source of estradiol is ______
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ovarian follicles
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gonadal steroids
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androgens, estrogens
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effects of gonadal steroids
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widespread
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3 types of adrenal steroids
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mineralocorticoids,glucocorticoids, some sex steroids
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agonists
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mimic hormones
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antagonists
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block hormones
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releasing hormones made in ____
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hypothalamus
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releasing hormines target ____
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anterior pituitary
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gonadotropins
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LH, FSH
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GnRH is a...
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...releasing hormone
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GnRH causes release of...
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...gonadotropins
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LH and FSH produced in ___
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anterior pituitary
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2 names for LH/FSH
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pituitary hormones, gonadotropins
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LH and FSH are
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protein steroids
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FSH promotes
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gamete maturation
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LH promotes
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secretion of androgens
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LH regulates
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menstrual cycle
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2 things involving neg feedback
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estrogen/gonadotropins, testosterone/sperm production
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hormones for menstrual
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estrogen, progesterone low; LH, FSH high
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hormones for follicular
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high testosterone
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hormones for ovulation
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gonadotropin, estradiol, testosterone high
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luteal hormones
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progesterone high
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menstrual cycle phases
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menstrual, follicular, ovulation, luteal
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when is corpus luteum present?
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luteal
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what does corpus luteum sectrer?
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progesterone, estrogen
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enzyme inhibitors
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block production of hormones
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types of enzyme inhibitors
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aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen
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Prevent synthesis of estrogen from androgens
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aromatase inhibitors
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breast cancer treatment
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tamoxifen
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decreases conversion of testosterone to DHT by inhibiting 5alpha
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finasteride
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treats prostate enlargement
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finasteride
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