2Nd Trimester Test Review

Front 1

Alamo

Back 1

mission and fort in Texas, battle there during the Texas Revolution, all defenders killed

Front 2

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Back 2

Mexican general, president of Mexico, commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution and the Mexican War

Front 3

Compromise of 1850

Back 3

proposal by Henry Clay, supported by Stephen Douglas, admitted California as a free state, ended slave trade in Washington DC, etc

Front 4

Franklin Pierce

Back 4

northern Democratic president, wanted sectional harmony, signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Front 5

Free Soil Party

Back 5

party that opposed the spread of slavery into the territories, supported homesteads, cheap postage, internal improvements, eventually absorbed into the Republican Party

Front 6

Gadsden Purchase

Back 6

acquisition of land from Mexico for $10 million, necessary for possible transcontinental railroad

Front 7

James K. Polk

Back 7

Democratic president, "Young Hickory," aggressive foreign policy, Mexican War, settlement of Oregon issue, Mexican Cession

Front 8

John L. O'Sullivan

Back 8

editor of the Democratic Review, coined the phrase "manifest destiny"

Front 9

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 9

bill proposed by Stephen Douglas, opened western territories, popular sovereignty for slavery in the territories, passed to support transcontinental railroad in Illinois

Front 10

Know-Nothing Party

Back 10

party in the 1840's, opposed immigrants, especially Catholics, supported temperance, waiting period for citizenship, literacy tests, also known as American Party

Front 11

Lewis Cass

Back 11

Democratic senator, proposed popular sovereignty in the territories, lost 1848 presidential election to Zachary Taylor

Front 12

Manifest Destiny

Back 12

idea that justified American expansion, American expansion was inevitable and right

Front 13

Mexican Cession

Back 13

region in present-day California and the American Southwest that Mexico gave the US after the Mexican War

Front 14

Nashville Convention

Back 14

meeting of southern representatives, laid groundwork for southern confederacy, called for extension of Missouri Compromise Law

Front 15

Ostend Manifesto

Back 15

statement by American envoys to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the US, repudiated by US government

Front 16

Popular Sovereignty

Back 16

political process promoted by Lewis Cass, Stephen Douglas, and northern Democrats, proposed that a territory's residents would vote to decide on slavery

Front 17

Republican Party

Back 17

political party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, combined Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothings, sought to block slavery, favored tariffs, homesteads, and transcontinental railroad

Front 18

Sam Houston

Back 18

leader of Texas Revolutionaries, first president of the Republic of Texas, ally of Andrew Jackson

Front 19

"Slave Power"

Back 19

belief that slavery was a power that would spread to through the US if allowed

Front 20

Stephen Austin

Back 20

leader of American immigration to Texas in the 1820's, negotiated land grants with Mexico, Texas' secretary of state

Front 21

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 21

agreement that ended the Mexican War, Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande, ceded California and more to US

Front 22

Wilmot Proviso

Back 22

Congressional measure from 1846, prohibited slavery in all of the Mexican Cession, blocked by southerners

Front 23

Winfield Scott

Back 23

American hero of the Mexican War, ran unsuccessfully for president

Front 24

Zachary Taylor

Back 24

military hero of the Mexican War, last Whig elected president

Front 25

Abby Kelley

Back 25

public speaker in the American Anti-Slavery Society

Front 26

American Anti-Slavery Society

Back 26

reformers in the mid 1800's, wanted to end slavery, opposed gradual emancipation and slaveholder compensation, accepted women as members

Front 27

American Colonization Society

Back 27

organization that supported sending freed slaves to Africa, established Liberia

Front 28

American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society

Back 28

founded and led by Tappan brothers opposed radical ideas of William Lloyd Garrison, especially attacks on the church and Constitution, supported more moderate approach

Front 29

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

Back 29

first national temperance organization, preached total abstinence from alcohol

Front 30

Brook Farm

Back 30

utopian society founded by George Ripley, members shared equally, advocated by Nathaniel Hawthorne at first, but he eventually became disenchanted

Front 31

Burned-Over District

Back 31

area of NY state that was constantly aflame with reform, such as Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites

Front 32

Charles Finney

Back 32

leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, preached that every person had the capacity for rebirth and salvation

Front 33

Compensated Emancipation

Back 33

called for slaveowners to be paid for the loss of their slave property when emancipated

Front 34

Cult of Domesticity

Back 34

belief that as the fairer sex, women should be concerned with domestic issues, not men's work

Front 35

Declaration of Sentiments

Back 35

resolutions at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention, modeled after Declaration of Independence, called for economic and social equality for women, and suffrage

Front 36

Dorothea Dix

Back 36

reformer, pioneer of humane treatment of mentally ill

Front 37

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Back 37

pioneer in the women's movement, organized Seneca Falls Convention, fought for women's suffrage

Front 38

Frederick Douglass

Back 38

former slave, became abolitionist, started abolitionist newspaper the North Star

Front 39

Gradual Emancipation

Back 39

called for the phasing out of slavery over a long period of time

Front 40

Horace Mann

Back 40

reformer of public education, secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, established minimum school term, formal teacher training, moved curriculum away from religion to secular subjects

Front 41

James Birney

Back 41

former slaveowner turned reformer, ran for president with the Liberty Party

Front 42

Lewis and Arthur Tappan

Back 42

founders of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society

Front 43

Liberty Party

Back 43

political party formed in 1840, eventually merged with Free-Soilers

Front 44

Lucretia Mott

Back 44

Quaker activist, helped Elizabeth Cady Stanton organize the Seneca Falls Convention

Front 45

Maine Law

Back 45

first statewide attempt to restrict alcohol, prohibited manufacture and sale except for medical reasons

Front 46

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Back 46

Quaker sisters, became reformers and abolitionists

Front 47

Second Great Awakening

Back 47

period of religious revival in the early 1800's, preached salvation through moral action

Front 48

Susan B. Anthony

Back 48

partner of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, cofounded the National Woman Suffrage Association

Front 49

Transcendentalists

Back 49

writers who believed in the search for reality and truth through spiritual intuition

Front 50

William Lloyd Garrison

Back 50

prominent abolitionist leader, published The Liberator, founded American Anti-Slavery Society

Front 51

Andrew Carnegie

Back 51

Scottish industrialist, developed the US steel industry, gave significant amounts to charitable causes

Front 52

Bloody Shirt

Back 52

Republican campaign tactic that blamed Democrats for the Civil War

Front 53

Coxey's Army

Back 53

unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey to Washington, demanded public works projects, Coxey was arrested for stepping on the grass at the Capitol

Front 54

Credit Mobilier

Back 54

scandal during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, a French construction company, along with Congress, stole millions of dollars from the government while building the transcontinental railroad

Front 55

Dawes General Allotment Act

Back 55

abolished communal ownership on Indian reservations, reduced amount of land Indians owned

Front 56

Eugene V. Debs

Back 56

labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike, ran for president, campaigned from prison

Front 57

"Free Silver"

Back 57

political movement to inflate currency by government issuance of silver, supported by farmers who wanted increased money supply

Front 58

"Grandfather Clause"

Back 58

laws in the southern states that exempted voters from taking literacy tests or paying poll taxes if their grandfathers had voted, gave white southerners suffrage and disenfranchised blacks

Front 59

Granger Movement

Back 59

farmers' organization, started for social and educational reasons, later organized politically to pass laws that regulated railroads

Front 60

Grover Cleveland

Back 60

only Democrat elected president from 1856 to 1912, second term marred by Depression of 1893

Front 61

Haymarket Riot

Back 61

violent incident at a workers' rally in Chicago, started by political radicals and labor leaders, hurt the reputation of the Knights of Labor

Front 62

Homestead Act

Back 62

encouraged westward settlement, allowed families to buy 160 acres of land cheaply, the land would become theirs after 5 years

Front 63

James B. Weaver

Back 63

former Civil War general, ran for president with Greenback party and Populist Party

Front 64

Jim Crow Laws

Back 64

laws passed in the South in the 1880's, segregated blacks and whites, ruled legal in Plessy vs. Ferguson

Front 65

John D. Rockefeller

Back 65

founder of Standard Oil, robber baron

Front 66

Knights of Labor

Back 66

labor union built by Terence V. Powderly, called for one big union, replacement of wage system, discourage strikes

Front 67

"New Immigration"

Back 67

wave of immigration in the 1880's, mostly from southern and eastern Europe, mostly poor, Jewish and Catholic, settled in large cities, prompted restrictions on immigration

Front 68

Pendleton Act

Back 68

reform passed in Congress, restricted spoils system, established US Civil Service Commission to administer a merit system for government jobs

Front 69

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Back 69

Supreme Court case, decided that Jim Crow laws were legal

Front 70

Populist Party

Back 70

largely a farmers' party, supported inflation, government action against railroads and trusts, graduated income tax, immigration restrictions, also known as People's Party

Front 71

Samuel Gompers

Back 71

labor leader, president of American Federation of Labor, believed in craft unionism, supported capitalism

Front 72

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 72

first federal action against monopolies, didn't do much at first, but was still a step in the right direction

Front 73

Social Darwinism

Back 73

supported by William Graham Sumner, applied the theory of evolution to the business world, used by capitalists to justify ruthlessness and poverty

Front 74

Stalwarts

Back 74

Republicans in the 1870's who supported U.S. Grant and Roscoe Conkling, accepted machine politics and the spoils system, opposed by Half-Breeds

Front 75

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 75

linked the nation from coast to coast, subsidized by federal government

Front 76

Tweed Ring

Back 76

scandal in NYC, led by William Tweed of Tammany Hall, headed a corrupt Democratic political machine, stole from the city

Front 77

William Jennings Bryan

Back 77

spokesman for agrarian values, ran for president but never elected, gave the Cross of Gold speech, supported by Democrats and Populists

Front 78

William McKinley

Back 78

Republican president, represented conservative easterners, supported expansion, high tariffs, and gold standard, led the nation during Spanish-American War, assassinated by political anarchist

Front 79

Abraham Lincoln

Back 79

Republican president during the Civil War, emancipated slaves, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

Front 80

Andrew Johnson

Back 80

vice president who took over after Lincoln's assassination, impeached but not convicted

Front 81

Border States

Back 81

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri, slave states that stayed in the Union, crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy

Front 82

Carpetbaggers

Back 82

northerners who went to South to participate in Reconstruction governments, viewed by southerners as cheap, opportunistic, poor whites hoping to exploit the South

Front 83

Charles Sumner

Back 83

senator from Massachusetts, led Radical Republicans, fought for racial equality, authored the Civil Rights Act of 1875

Front 84

Compromise of 1877

Back 84

agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden, South accepted Hayes' election in return for removal of troops from South, support for railroads, and southerners in the Cabinet

Front 85

Copperheads

Back 85

northern Democrats who supported the southern cause, such as Clement L Vallandigham

Front 86

Cotton Diplomacy

Back 86

failed southern strategy to embargo cotton from England until Great Britain assisted the Confederacy, they never got aid

Front 87

Dred Scott Decision

Back 87

Supreme Court case, Chief Justice Roger Taney upheld southern position on slavery, ruled that blacks were not citizens, slavery could expand into all territories, Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Front 88

Emancipation Proclamation

Back 88

issued by Abraham Lincoln, granted freedom to all slaves in rebellious states

Front 89

Fifteenth Amendment

Back 89

granted suffrage to black males

Front 90

Fourteenth Amendment

Back 90

granted citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the US, protected citizens from abuse by state governments, overrode Dred Scott Decision

Front 91

Freedmen's Bureau

Back 91

government-sponsored agency, provided food, schools, and land to former slaves

Front 92

George McClellan

Back 92

Union general, reluctant to attack Lee, fired twice by Lincoln

Front 93

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Back 93

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, book about the cruelty of slavery

Front 94

James Buchanan

Back 94

weak Republican president right before the Civil War, partly at fault for the formation of the Confederacy

Front 95

Jefferson Davis

Back 95

president of the Confederacy, believed slavery was essential to the South

Front 96

John Breckinridge

Back 96

vice president under Buchanan, ran for president in 1860, supported slavery and states' rights

Front 97

John Brown

Back 97

violent abolitionist, murdered slaveholders in Kansas and Missouri, raided Harpers Ferry, wanted to incite slave rebellion, became a martyr

Front 98

John Fremont

Back 98

explorer, soldier and politician, ran for president in 1856, had radical views on slavery

Front 99

Ku Klux Klan

Back 99

terrorist organization in the South throughout Reconstruction and after, wanted to maintain white supremacy through violence and intimidation

Front 100

Radical Republicans

Back 100

demanded immediate emancipation of slaves, favored racial equality, voting rights, and land distribution to former slaves

Front 101

Robert E. Lee

Back 101

Confederate general, very successful until he fought U.S. Grant, surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to end the war

Front 102

Scalawags

Back 102

white southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments, considered traitors to their states

Front 103

Ten-percent plan

Back 103

Reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Johnson, when ten percent of voters in 1860 took and oath of allegiance, renounced secession, and approved the Thirteenth Amendment, a southern state could form a government and elect congressional representatives

Front 104

Tenure of Office Act

Back 104

attempt by Radicals to diminish Andrew Johnson's authority, provided that he couldn't remove any civilian official without Senate approval, Johnson was impeached because of it

Front 105

Thaddeus Stevens

Back 105

Radical Republican, wanted to give equality to blacks, leader in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Front 106

Thirteenth Amendment

Back 106

abolished slavery everywhere in the US

Front 107

Ulysses S. Grant

Back 107

Union general, defeated Robert E. Lee to end the Civil War, was a bad president for two terms

Front 108

Wade-Davis Bill

Back 108

harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill, provided the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union, required abolition of slavery, disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, repudiation of Confederate debt, killed by Lincoln with a pocket veto

Front 109

William Seward

Back 109

Lincoln's secretary of state, bought Alaska from Russia