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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three Periods of Enslaved Community
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-assimilated community (1619-1680s)
-unsettled community (1690s-1740s) -creole community (1740s-) |
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Assimilated Community (1619-1680s)
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-small numbers of slaves
-lived with whites |
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Unsettled Community (1690s-1740s)
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-large numbers
-slaves are becoming more pemanent -restrictive laws eliminated loop holes for slaves to gain freedom like Baptism -when the death rate is high, it is cheaper to get an indentured servant -slaves become more expensive when death rate goes down b/c of the needs of them and you get more from birth(feed them, etc.) -eventually after the disorders of the Bacon's Rebellion slaves become cheaper -Britain's economy improves so there's less indentured servants -Royal African Company makes slaves cheaper to purchase -trauma of the slave trade makes it unsettled |
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Creole Community (1740s-
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-mainly African-American slaves
-development of family life -less runaways means they have family -more wealth means trade and sell -denser settlement -more community life |
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Great Awakening (1720s-1750s)
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-first social movement that the whole British colony experienced
-before: established churches -New England had Congregational, rest of colonies had Anglican -not as much spiritual intensity b/c shortage of ministers -itinerant ministers such as George Whitefield traveled the colonies making religious rallies -George Whitefield was very emotional -created a split between "Old Lights" and "New Lights" -splitting of towns and religion |
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Enlightenment or "Age of Reason"
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-grew out of the scientific revolution
-occurs in the 18th century -God as "divine craftsman" -God crafted everything -people start to question religion and have their own ideas -political enlightment such as Ben Franklin and John Locke |
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John Locke
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-English political theorist
-believed there are "natural laws" for human society created by God -right to life, liberty, and property -gov't created to protect natural rights -gov't fails to protect loses its reason of existence |
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British Representation
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-House of Commons which is elected by the common people
-small % of voters didn't reflect population changes -low competition campaigns -virtual representation b/c the House of Commons represents entire society |
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Colonies Representation
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-colonial legislatures
-larger % of voters b/c of abundant land -more competitive campaigns -actual representation: individuals represent their area |
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Seven Years War (1756-1763)
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-also known as the French and Indian War
-first World War between imperial powers -Great Britain, France, and Spain -starting point for American Revolution -put Great Britain in heavy debt -American colonists benefited by getting more land -Great Britain decided to tax colonists to pay their debt back |
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Stamp Act of 1765
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-tax all legal documents such as insurance policies, wills, newspapers, and dice
-taxation inside colonies not on trade or in Great Britain -wasn't a hidden tax -upset colonist b/c they never had a tax inside the colonies -reaction to the Stamp Act created the Stamp Act Congress and Sons of Liberty |
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Stamp Act Congress
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-9 colonies sent representatives to New York
-showed an united response -one of the reactions to the Stamp Act -led to a repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 |
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Sons of Liberty
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-a protest organization
-mostly middle class in urban settings -created a non-importation movement to boycott British goods -organized riots and raids like the Boston Tea Party -their actions led to a repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 |
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Townsend Duties of 1767
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-the non-importation movement led to this
-tax on imports made the tax internal and indirect -tax on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea -the British underestimated the colonies sensitivity towards a tax -sent 4,000 troops stationed in Boston -the Townsend Duties led to the Boston Massacre |
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Boston Massacre
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-the hostility and treatment of the 4,000 British troops that were put there b/c of the Townsend Duties led to the Boston Massacre
-occurred in March 1770 -picture/proganda created by Paul Revere -picture depicts an organized line of British troops firing on a crowd -what actually happened was that an angry mob didn't like that the troops took jobs down at the docks when off duty -2 soldiers were convicted; 5 Bostonians died -proganda and incident sparked the American Revolution -led to a repeal of Townsend Duties/import taxes; except on tea b/c it stood as a symbol that they still had power |
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Tea Act of 1773
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-Parliament passed this act so the East India Co. would survive
-put a monopoly on tea in America would lower the price of tea -Americans believed the British were trying to trick them into paying the tea tax -ships come to ports along the coast but all except one are turned away -Boston allows ship to dock but workers refuse to unload goods |
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Boston Tea Party (December 1773)
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-Sons of Liberty and other groups raid the ship at night
-chop the cases of tea so the sea water can soak in the tea and ruin it -45 tons of tea costs $18,000 lbs |
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Coercive Acts (1774)
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-2 features were:
-Boston port was closed until tea was payed for -and it banned town meetings in Massachusetts -this radicalized the towns b/c town meetings were important -this backfired b/c it woke up the towns and angried the other colonies |
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1st Continental Congress (September 1774)
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-every colony except Georgia met in Philadelphia to discuss what to do about the Coercive Acts and the British
-2 plans were introduced: Galloway Plan and the Suffolf Resolves |
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Galloway Plan
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-a plan brought up at the 1st Continental Congress
-plan was to negotiate and calm down and create a legislative body to help govern the colonies through Parliament -the plan was not passed |
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Suffolf Resolves
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-stated that the Coercive Acts were taking their rights and to disobey
-keep non-importation boycott -gather an army for possible war |
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New England Phase of War (1775)
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-British wanted to control Massachusetts and not have war
-Battle of Breed's Hill occurred in June 1775 in Charlestown -and the 2nd Continental Congress gathers in Philadelphia |
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Battle of Breed's Hill (June 1775)
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-in Charlestown
-1600 American troops at the top and 2200 British soldiers at the bottom -the British believed they were too professional and thought the sight would scare the American soldiers -took 3 attempts to take top of hill -Americans retreated b/c they were low on ammunition and it was a strategic plan -50% of British troops were killed or wounded/140 American soldiers died -made British realize this would be a war b/c of resistance |
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2nd Continental Congress (1775)
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-gathered in Philadelphia
-sent the Olive Branch Petition to the king of Britain -created the Continental Army with George Washington as the leader -he was able to grab loyalty and hold everything together |
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Olive Branch Petition
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-happens at the 2nd Continental Congress
-the petition stated their loyalty and how they wanted their rights protected -king rejected the petition -this creates a lean towards independence |
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Problems and Advantages in the American Revolution
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-Great Britain had a very powerful army
-the colonists were not trained, professional, or organized -they did NOT have to win, just outlast the British until they gave up fighting -the colonists fighting had nothing to lose -the colonists had the ability to survive |
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Patriots, Loyalists, and Nonaligned
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-Patriots consists of 30%-35% and were fighting for independence
-Loyalists consists of 15%-20%, they were loyal to the British and did NOT want the war -Nonaligned were the rest 50% that did not care |
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2nd Phase of the War: Middle States (1776-1777)
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-New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey
-British wanted to cut off New England and trap George Washington and his army to force them to surrender -Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 |
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Battle of Saratoga (October 1777)
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-1st major victory for the Americans
-French decided to enter the war -2 sets of British troops were suppose to meet halfway and trap George Washington -General Howe decides to go south instead b/c he believes the capital is Philadelphia and capturing the capital ends the war -General Burgoyne continues his trail to meet General Howe to find an American army without General Howe's back up |
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3rd Phase of the War: Southern States (1778-1781)
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-British thought they were the loyalist
-the South's goal was to Americanize the war -the British and General Cornwallis decide to try and pacify the poplulation -that back fires b/c of "civil war" between patriots and loyalists -Battle of Yorktown in October 1781 |
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Battle of Yorktown in October 1781
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-marks the surrounding of General Cornwallis and the end of the American Revolution
-Cornwallis gets surrounded by American and French troops -British sent ships to rescue Cornwallis but were blocked by the French fleet -Cornwallis surrenders the army to George Washington -Peace of Paris in 1783 marks the end of the war -last major engagement in the American Revolution |
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Representative Republic-"republican ideaology"
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-they overpowered the king
-how should gov't be ran -Goals: a balance of liberty and social order or personal freedom and gov't power -this created a disagreement about proper mix -republics are fragile, one unbalanced idea could send the scale extreme right or left -far left will lead to anarchy (French Revolution), far right will lead to tyranny (British gov't) -Articles of Confederation leaned towards the left -Constitution leaned towards the right |
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Constitutional Convention (1787)
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-55 delegates meet in Philadelphia
-discuss Articles of Confederation and the Constitution and which is better for their country |
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Articles of Confederation (1781)
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-acted like a compass and just directed the country
-no president -not complex -congress could NOT tax directly -could NOT regulate foreign trade -could NOT create an army |
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Constitutional Debates (1787-1788)
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-each state had debates
-Georgia was quick to decide for a constitution b/c of its location -bigger states were undecided and had heated debates -federalist vs anti-federalist -Rhode Island and North Carolina voted against the Constitution -11 states voted for to ratify the Constitution -George Washington would serve as 1st President by unanimous votes |
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federalists
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-for Constitution
-merchants, professionals, creditors -better educated -coastal cities -leaned right -protected social order and were suspicious of the people |
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anti-federalists
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-no Constitution
-smaller farmers and debtors -poorly educated -located in interior parts of the states -protected liberty and suspicious of the gov't power -leaned left |
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1790s Gov't
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-how much power should the federal gov't have compared to state power
-what should the character of society by urbanized, agricultural, or industrialized? -domestic policy led to split: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republican parties -foreign policy widened the split |
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Leaders of Federalist Party
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-George Washington (President)
-John Adams (Vice President) -Alexander Hamilton (Sec't of Treasury) |
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Leaders of Dem-Rep. Party
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-Thomas Jefferson (Sec't of State)
-James Madison (Congress) |
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Hamilton's Policies
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1) Pay off $52 million in national debt (Passed)
-federal gov't to assume state's debt -raise revenue through taxes and import duties -this gave the federal gov't more power 2) Create Bank of United States (passed) -public/private organization -store gov't money -provide credit to stimulate economic development 3) Stimulate manufacturing (failed) -protective tariffs, which made foreign goods more expensive and would make Americans buy American goods -gov't financed internal improvements such as roads, canals, harbors, transportation, etc. |
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Reactions to Hamilton's Policies
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-Democratic-Republican obviously opposed
-debate between strict vs. broad construction of the Constitution -Dem.-Rep. said the Constitution didn't say the Congress had the power to create something like the Bank of United States -Hamilton and Federalist response was that it didn't say they couldn't -Dem.-Rep. believed the Federalist read the Constitution too loosely |
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Foreign Policy
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-France was at war with England in 1790s
-Which side to support? -Federalist supported England -Democratic-Republican supported France -1796-1800 John Adams became President from the Federalist and Thomas Jefferson become Vice from Dem.-Rep. |
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Federalists view of Dem.-Rep.
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-believed they might lean too far left and create anarchy and mob rule
-example was the French Revolution which was going on during the war between France and England |
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Dem.-Rep. view of Federalist
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-believed they will lean too far right and that will lead to tyranny and monarchy like Great Britain
-believed they wanted to restore the monarchy they had defeated during the Revolution |
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Alien and Sedition Acts of 1789
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-14 years of citizenship instead of 5 years to vote
-Federalist passed this -crime to speak or write in "a scandalous or malicious way against the gov't" -passed to slow down the Dem.-Rep. party but would lose immigrants as supporters b/c of citizenship |
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Election of 1800 or "Revolution of 1800"
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-Thomas Jefferson won
-marked the 1st peaceful transfer of power from party to party -transition to 25 years of Dem-Rep rule -Federalist never regained power again |
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"Empire for Liberty"
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-expansion of agrarian society
-believed an agrarian society will create more independence -need land but there's a problem with the West and Indians -free trade or the free flow of goods but there is a problem with the Atlantic -sell to markets and get manufacturing goods from Europe -both of these lead to the War of 1812 |
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Louisiana Purchase (1803)
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-purchased from France for $15 million
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Shawnee Indians
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-lived in the Ohio-Indiana region
-alcohol was destroying their way of life b/c of the white settlers -they were one of the problems with the expansion into the West |
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Civilization Policy (1790s-1820s)
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-1st federal gov't policy
-to deal with the Native Americans -the goal was to turn men from hunters to farmers so they could use the land they hunted on as expansion land -the land would go to the federal gov't to sell -they would also assimilate the Natives into American Culture like schools and Christian missionaries -this all and alcoholism created tension between Indian societies and started to dissolve tradition |
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Lalawethika
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-known as "the drunk"
-woke up from an unconscious state and had a "vision" -he saw Shawnee and other Indians living together and holding onto tradition -claim to see hell: no tradition and Indians were being tortured by demons -started to preach for tradition and changed his name to Tenshuatawa in 1805 which means "The Shawnee Prophet" -sparked a cultural revival |
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Tecumseh
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-Lalawethika's brother
-believed his brother -cultural revival wasn't enough -he believed they needed political and military alliance of tribes to prevent white expansion -traveled to different tribes to get alliance but didn't get too many to join -eventually received support from the British |
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Tension in Atlantic
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-Britain and France at war after 1803
-interferes with American ships -the country would confiscate the cargo of the enemy -they were also stealing sailors and forcing them to join the Navy -led to War of 1812 |
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War of 1812
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-no crisis that set off war
-Americans wanted to: -defend neutrality and free trade -conquer hostile Indians in West/Tecumseh alliance -invade Canada and extend American territory |
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Outcome of War of 1812
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-ended war
-no territory gain or lost -Federalist party collapsed b/c they opposed the war -rise of Andrew Jackson after his military actions and the Battle of New Orleans -becomes President in 1828 -shift towards Indian removal |
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Politics in 1780s
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-Articles of Confederation
-no pressure to make payments to the federal government, states did not make contributions and Congress was not able to pay off debts or members of the military -British troops refused to leave b/c of land issues -American sailors were being captured by pirates b/c they weren't under the protection of the British Navy -gov't is almost bankrupt b/c of war and owes lots of money -needed to borrow money from France -South was devastated from the war b/c it lost tons of slaves and the British refused to import Southern goods into the British West Indies -there was military rebellion b/c American troops weren't getting paid |
