2Nd Semester//world History Pre-Ib 9Th Grade Unit 4: World War Ii

Front 1

What did Stalin and Hitler gain from their nonaggression pact?

Back 1

Publicly, Hitler promised Stalin territory and not to attack. Privately, they agreed to divide Poland between them. They also agreed that the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic Countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia).

Front 2

How long did the nonaggression pact between Germany and the USSR last?

Back 2

20 months. Hitler broke the pact on June 22, 1941.

Front 3

What strategy did Hitler use to conquer Poland?

Back 3

Blitzkrieg. Air raid, then long range artillery, then soldiers and militia.

Front 4

What was the Phony War?

Back 4

For 7 months, the French watched, bored, from the Maginot Line. The Germans stared back, equally bored, from the Siegfried Line.

Front 5

What was Hitler's Plan for conquering France?

Back 5

Hitler began a dramatic sweep through Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, and Norway to distract the Allies. He sent a larger force of tanks and troop trucks to slice through the Ardennes. The Germans moved through a heavily wooded forest and squeezed between the Maginot line.

Front 6

What happened at Dunkirk?

Back 6

Allied troops were trapped on the French coastline with their backs to the sea. Great Britain sent 850 ships, both Royal Navy ships and civilian crafts across the English Channel to Dunkirk. From May 26- June 4, the amateur armada, under heavy fire, brought 338,000 soldiers to Britain and safety.

Front 7

What was the Battle of Britain codenamed, and by who?

Back 7

Hitler codenamed it Operation Sea Lion.

Front 8

What did Hitler plan for Operation Sea Lion?

Back 8

To first knock out the Royal Air Force and then land 250,000 soldiers in England

Front 9

What happened in the Battle of Britain?

Back 9

The Luftwaffe began to bomb Great Britain. The RAF had had 2900 planes to the Luftwaffe's 4500. At first, the Luftwaffe focused on the airfields and aircraft factories. Then on Sep 7, 1940, they began to focus on the cities, especially London, which was a mistake. With the pressure of the airfields, the RAF hit back with 2 secret weapons, radar and the Enigma. Radar could tell the number, speed, and direction of incoming planes. The Enigma was a cod-making machine. With it, the British could break German codes. Using the information, the RAF could quickly get to their planes and inflict harm on the Luftwaffe. On October 1940, the Germans gave up day raids in favor of night-bombing. Londoners spent nights in air-raid shelters. The Battle continued until May 10, 1941. Hitler called off his attacks and focused on Eastern Europe.

Front 10

When was the Battle of Britain?

Back 10

Summer 1940

Front 11

What were the British's secret weapons in the Battle of Britain?

Back 11

Radar and the Enigma

Front 12

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What was the effect of the Battle of Britain?

Back 12

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The Allies learned that Hitler's advances could be blocked.

Front 13

What was Tobruk a symbol of?

Back 13

British resistance

Front 14

What was Rommel's nickname?

Back 14

The Desert Fox

Front 15

Siege of Tobruk

Back 15

The Italians were pushed back by the British, who, by Feb 1941, had swept 500 mi across North Africa and taken 130,000 Italian prisoners. Hitler sent Rommel to Libya. He was to command a newly formed tank corps, the Afrika Korps. Determined to take control of Egypt and the Suez Canal, Rommel attacked the British at Agheila on March 24. British forces retreated 500 mi to Tobruk. By mid-Jan 1942, the British drove Rommel back to his starting point. In June, the tide of battle turned again- Rommel regrouped, pushed the British back across the desert, and seized Tobruk.
(The success was temporary)

Front 16

Where did Rommel attack the British on March 24?

Back 16

Agheila

Front 17

Operation Barbarossa

Back 17

Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.

Front 18

When did Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union begin?

Back 18

June 22, 1941

Front 19

What countries did Hitler invade before invading the Soviet Union.

Back 19

Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Greece

Front 20

Invasion of Soviet Union

Back 20

The Red Army, although the largest in the world at 5 million strong, was neither well equipped nor well trained. On September 8, Germans surrounded Leningrad. Hitler starved the 2.5 million inhabitants and more than a million died. However, Leningrad held. On Oct 2, 1941, Hitler moved on to Moscow. By December, the Germans arrived. Soviet General Zhukov counterattacked. He used 100 fresh Siberian divisions and the Soviet winter. The Germans tried to retreat but their fuel froze, rendering their tanks, trucks, and weapons useless. However, Hitler ordered, "No retreat!" The Germans held the line against the Soviets until March 1943. However, Moscow had been saved and had cost the Germans 500,000 lives.

Front 21

How many died at Leningrad?

Back 21

1 million

Front 22

Winston Churchill

Back 22

British prime minister, great orator
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields, we shall fight in the streets, we shall never surrender."

Front 23

Charles de Gaulle

Back 23

French general who fled to London when France fell. He set up a govt in exile committed to reconquering France. On June 18, 1940, he delivered a broadcast from England calling on the French to resist.

Front 24

When did France fall?

Back 24

June 22, 1940

Front 25

Atlantic Charter

Back 25

A joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill which upheld free trade among the nations and the right of people to choose their own govt. This served as the Allies' peace plan at the end of WWII

Front 26

US's naval war with Hitler

Back 26

A German U-boat fired on a US destroyer in the Atlantic. Roosevelt ordered that navy commanders were to shoot German submarines on sight

Front 27

When was Pearl Harbor bombed?

Back 27

December 7, 1941

Front 28

Damage at Pearl Harbor

Back 28

In 2 hours, 18 ships were sunk/damaged, including 8 battleships (almost the entire US fleet)

Front 29

Injured/Killed at Pearl Harbor

Back 29

2400 killed, 1000 wounded

Front 30

What was the significance of the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

Back 30

Congress declared war on Japan

Front 31

Fall of the Southeast Asian Colonies

Back 31

Japanese seized Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines (Jan), Bataan Peninsula (April), Corregidor (May). They also seized British colonies, such as Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore(Feb 1942). Dutch colonies: East Indies, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes

Front 32

What was the significance of the fall of the Southeast Asian colonies?

Back 32

US was weakened by loss of raw materials

Front 33

Doolittle's raid on Japan

Back 33

16 B-25 bombers, under the command of Doolittle, were sent to bomb Tokyo and other major cities. Not much damage was inflicted

Front 34

What was the significance of Doolittle's raid on Japan?

Back 34

It raised moral and made an important psychological point- Japan could be attacked

Front 35

Who led the American fleet in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

Back 35

Nimitz

Front 36

What was different about the fighting style in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

Back 36

It was the first time aircraft carriers were used and no ships were involved in the fight.

Front 37

Battle of the Coral Sea

Back 37

An American fleet with Australian support intercepted and Japanese strike force that was about to attack Port Moresby, which housed a critical allied air base in New Guinea. From this base, the Japanese could easily invade Australia. In the battle, both fleets fought using airplanes that took off from carriers. The battle was somewhat of a draw, but the Allies lost more ships than the Japanese

Front 38

What was the significance of the Battle of the Coral Sea?

Back 38

The allies stopped Japan's southward expansion for the first time.

Front 39

When did the Battle of Midway take place?

Back 39

June 4, 1942

Front 40

Who led the American ambush in the Battle of Midway?

Back 40

Nimitz

Front 41

Who led the Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway?

Back 41

Yamamoto

Front 42

Battle of Midway

Back 42

Japan targeted Midway Island, which was home to a Key American airfield. In June 1942, another Japanese code was broken and Nimitz knew that over 150 ships were heading toward Midway. Nimitz was outnumbered 4:1, but he still prepared an ambush. On June 4, American carrier planes attacked Japanese ships; the Japanese planes had not even launched. American pilots destroyed 332 planes, all 4 carriers, and one support ship. Yamamoto ordered his fleet to withdraw.

Front 43

What was the significance of the Battle of Midway?

Back 43

It turned the tide of war in the Pacific against the Japanese

Front 44

Where was Guadalcanal?

Back 44

The Solomon Islands

Front 45

Battle of Guadalcanal

Back 45

The US govt learned that the Japanese were building a huge air base on the island of Guadalcanal. Allies struck before the base was completed and became another Japanese strongpoint. August 7, 1942, 19000 US Marines, with Australian support, landed on Guadalcanal and a few nearby islands. Marines easily took the airfield. Both sides, however, poured in fresh troops. In February 1943, after 6 months of fighting, the Battle of Guadalcanal ended.

Front 46

What was the significance of the Battle of Guadalcanal?

Back 46

The Japanese abandoned "the island of death"

Front 47

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How many soldiers did the Japanese lose in the Battle of Guadalcanal?

Back 47

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23000 out of 36000

Front 48

Isoroku Yamamoto

Back 48

Leader of the Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway; led attack on Pearl Harbor; greatest Japanese naval strategist

Front 49

Douglas MacArthur

Back 49

Commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific. He believed that storming each island would be a long, costly effort. He wanted to "island-hop" past Japanese strongpoints and seize islands that were not well defended but were closer to Japan. After taking the islands, MacArthur would use airpower to cut supply lines and starve enemy troops.

Front 50

Who were the victims of the Holocaust?

Back 50

Jews, non-Aryans, gypsies, Poles, Russians, homosexuals, the insane, the disabled, and the incurably ill

Front 51

Who were members of the "master race"?

Back 51

Aryans, or Germanic peoples

Front 52

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

Back 52

Laws that deprived Jews of their rights to German citizenship, jobs, and property

Front 53

What happened on the night of November 9, 1938?

Back 53

Kristallnacht- "The Night of Broken Glass". violent attacks on Jewish communities

Front 54

What was Hitler's Final Solution

Back 54

Genocide of Jews

Front 55

Where did German Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror?

Back 55

France: 25,000
Britain: 80,000
Latin America: 40,000
US: 100,000

Front 56

Where were Jews forced to live in Polish cities?

Back 56

Ghettos: segregated Jewish communities

Front 57

Where were the concentration camps?

Back 57

Mostly Germany and Poland

Front 58

Why did Hitler believe that Jews and other "subhumans" had to be exterminated?

Back 58

Hitler believed that his conquest depended on the purity of the Aryan race

Front 59

Why did the Germans build extermination camps?

Back 59

Some Jewish communities were not reached by killing squads

Front 60

When did the Final Stage of the Final Solution begin?

Back 60

Late 1941: first death camp= Chelmno

Front 61

How did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism?

Back 61

They hid Jews and helped them escape to neutral countries

Front 62

How many Jews died in the Holocaust?

Back 62

Six million

Front 63

Holocaust

Back 63

Mass slaughter of civilians, especially Jews

Front 64

Aryans

Back 64

Germanic peoples (blond hair, blue eyes)

Front 65

genocide

Back 65

systematic killing of a people

Front 66

Poland: Holocaust

Back 66

Original: 3.3 mil
Killed: 3 mil
Percent surviving: 10%

Front 67

Battle of El Alamein

Back 67

The Germans had advanced to the Egyptian village El Alamein. The British could not go around them. Montgomery launched a massive attack from the front. The night of Oct 23, 1700 British guns took Axis soldiers by surprise. By Nov. 3, the Germans were defeated

Front 68

Operation Torch

Back 68

-Allied Operation
-An Allied force of more than 107,00 troops, mostly Americans, landed in Morocco and Algeria, led by Eisenhower. Caught between the two armies, the Desert Fox's Afrika Korps was smashed in May 1943

Front 69

When did Operation Torch take place?

Back 69

November 8, 1942

Front 70

When did the Battle of Stalingrad begin?

Back 70

August 23, 1942

Front 71

Battle of Stalingrad

Back 71

Luftwaffe went on nightly bombing raids. Stalin, however, commanded his officers to defend the city at all costs. By Nov. 1942, Germans controlled 90% of the city. However, winter set in. On Nov 19, Soviet troops launched a counterattack. They surrounded Stalingrad and trapped the Germans inside and cut off their supplies. Hitler's commander begged a retreat, but Hitler refused.
Feb 2, 194, 90,000 soldiers surrendered to the Soviets. The Soviets had lost over one million soldiers, and Stalingrad was 99% destroyed. However, the Germans were on the defensive, with the Soviets pushing them West

Front 72

When did German troops surrender to the Soviets?

Back 72

On February 2, 1943, 90,000 troops surrendered to the Soviets

Front 73

What was the cost of the Battle of Stalingrad?

Back 73

The Soviets lost 1 million soldiers and Stalingrad was 99% destroyed

Front 74

Invasion of Italy

Back 74

Stalin had urged the British and Americans to attack France. In Jan 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco, and decided to attack Italy first. July 10, 1943, 180,000 soldiers landed on Sicily and captured it by August.

Front 75

Mussolini's dismissal

Back 75

On July 25, 1943, King Victor Emmanuel III fired Mussolini and had him arrested. On September 3, 1943, Italy surrendered to the Allies. However, the Germans seized North Italy and put Mussolini back in power. The Germans retreated north and the Allies entered Rome on June 4, 1944. However, fighting continued until Germany fell in May 1945.

Front 76

Propaganda campaigns on the home front

Back 76

The Allies conducted highly successful propaganda campaigns. In the Soviet Union, a Moscow youngster collected enough scrap metal to produce 14,000 artillery shells. The Shirmanovs used their life savings to buy a tank. In the US, kids saved their pennies and bought war stamps and bonds.

Front 77

Churchill & Roosevelt
Joint War Policy

Back 77

On December 22, 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the White House. Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German pressure on his armies in the east. He wanted them to open a second front in the west. The second front would split the Germans' strength. Churchill agreed, but Roosevelt was reluctant. However, he eventually agreed.

Front 78

What was D-day's code name?

Back 78

Operation Overlord

Front 79

D-Day invasion

Back 79

In May 1944, thousands of planes, ships, tanks, landing craft, and 3.5 million troops awaited orders to attack. Eisenhower, the commander, planned to strike on the coast of Normandy, in Northwestern France. The Germans knew of the attack, but not of the direction. To keep them guessing, the Allies set up a dummy army which was ordered to attack Calais. At dawn on June 6, 1944, British, American, French, and Canadian troops fought their way onto a 60 mile stretch of beach in Normandy. The Germans had dug in with machine guns, rocket launchers, and cannons. They protected themselves with concrete walls 3 feet thick. Among the Americans alone, 3000 soldiers died.

Front 80

Which beaches did the Americans land on?

Back 80

Omaha Beach
Utah Beach

Front 81

Which beaches did the British land on?

Back 81

Sword Beach
Juno Beach
Gold Beach

Front 82

How many Americans died on D-Day?

Back 82

3000

Front 83

Battle of the Bulge

Back 83

The Soviet army advanced toward Germany from the east. Hitler faced a war on two fronts. Hitler decided to counterattack in the west. The Fuhrer hoped a victory would split American and British forces and break up allied supply lines.
On December 16, 1944, German tanks broke through weak American defenses along an 85-mile front in the Ardennes. The push into the Allied lines created a bulge. Although caught off guard, the Allies eventually pushed the Germans back and won. The Nazis had to retreat.

Front 84

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Back 84

Allied forces landed on Leyte Island in Oct 1944. General MacArthur and the American forces reclaimed it. They had been forced to surrender in February 1942. The Japanese decided to destroy the American fleet. Then, the Allies could not resupply their ground troops. To do this, the Japanese had to risk their entire fleet. On Oct 23, 1944, the Japanese navy lost disastrously.

Front 85

What two islands in the Pacific did the Allies take that were important to the Allied victory?

Back 85

Iwo Jima and Leyte Island.

Front 86

Battle of Okinawa

Back 86

After US Marines took Iwo Jima, the troops moved on to Okinawa, 350 miles from southern Japan. On April 1, the battle of Okinawa began. In the bloodiest land battle of the war, the Japanese lost 110,000 troops and the Americans lost 12500

Front 87

Bombing of Hiroshima

Back 87

August 6, 1945. About 73,000 died out of 365,000 people

Front 88

Bombing of Nagasaki

Back 88

August 9, 1945. About 37,500 died out of 200,000

Front 89

Who helped develop the atomic bomb?

Back 89

Oppenheimer, with the help of Einstein.

Front 90

What was the development of the atomic bomb called?

Back 90

The Manhattan Project

Front 91

How many Europeans died in WWII? How many were civilians?

Back 91

40 million. 2/3 were civilians

Front 92

How was the land of Europe affected by the war?

Back 92

Constant bombing and shelling had reduced hundreds of cities to rubble.

Front 93

How, geographically, were people affected by the war?

Back 93

Millions of people found themselves in the wrong country when postwar treaties changed national borders. They jammed the roads, trying to get home, hoping to find their families or a safe place

Front 94

What were three political problems postwar governments faced?

Back 94

-Despairing Europeans often blamed their leaders for the war and its aftermath.
-Much of the old govt was in disgrace
-Communist parties began to rise to power. After a series of violent strikes, anti-Communist parties began to rise in power as well.

Front 95

Nuremberg Trials

Back 95

-1946
- International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial in Nuremberg
-22 Nazi leaders, including Goring and Hess, were charged with waging a war of aggression, violating the laws of war, and of committing "crimes against humanity"- the murder of 11 million people
-Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels escaped trial by committing suicide
-12 out of 22 were sentenced to death; they were executed on Oct 16, 1946. Their bodies were cremated in the concentration camp of Dachau.
-Hans Frank: only Nazi to express remorse

Front 96

Two effects of Allied bombings

Back 96

-Major cities largely destroyed; 2 million lives lost
-Atomic bombs left Hiroshima and Nagasaki as blackened wastelands

Front 97

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Who took control of the US occupation in Japan?

Back 97

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Douglas MacArthur

Front 98

Three ways US occupation changed Japan

Back 98

-Demilitarization: MacArthur quickly demilitarized Japan, leaving them with a small police force
-War criminals were brought to trial
-Japan was democrized: a new constitution was drawn up

Front 99

New Japanese Constitution: Emperor had to...

Back 99

declare he was not a god, contrary to Japanese tradition

Front 100

New Japanese Constitution:
Guaranteed political power...

Back 100

rested with the people. The peope elected a 2-house parliament called the Diet. All citizens over 20 could vote. The govt was led by a PM chosen by the majority of the Diet

Front 101

What was the minimum voting age in Japan in the new constitution?

Back 101

20; all citizens, men and women, could vote

Front 102

New Japanese Constitution:
Making war

Back 102

The Japanese could not make war; they could only fight if attacked

Front 103

What article in the Japanese Constitution said that Japanese could not make war?

Back 103

Article 9

Front 104

What event unleashed WWII?

Back 104

Hitler's invasion of Poland

Front 105

Who led the French govt in exile?

Back 105

Charles de Gaulle

Front 106

Why did a famine occur after the war?

Back 106

The able-bodied men had served in the war, and women worked in war production factories, leaving few to plant the fields. The meager harvests often did not reach the cities because the transportation system was destroyed. Thousands died as famine and disease spread through bombed out cities. In August 1945, 4000 Berlin citizens died each day.

Front 107

War criminals on trial

Back 107

25 surviving defendants. Hideki Tojo and six others were condemned to hang

Front 108

Emergency relief money to Japan

Back 108

2 billion dollars

Front 109

Who sparked Kristallnacht?

Back 109

Gryszpan: 17 year old Jewish boy who shot German

Front 110

Bataan Death March

Back 110

Japanese treated prisoners cruelly

Front 111

Invasion of Poland

Back 111

September 1, 1939

Front 112

WWII begins/ Britain&France declare war on Germany

Back 112

September 3, 1939

Front 113

Hitler/Stalin 10 year nonaggression pact

Back 113

August 23, 1939

Front 114

France surrenders

Back 114

June 22, 1940

Front 115

German invasion of Soviet Union

Back 115

June 22, 1941

Front 116

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Back 116

December 7, 1941

Front 117

Battle of Guadalcanal

Back 117

August 7, 1942

Front 118

Kristallnacht

Back 118

November 9, 1938

Front 119

Battle of El Alamein

Back 119

October 23, 1942

Front 120

Operation Torch

Back 120

November 8, 1942

Front 121

Battle of Stalingrad

Back 121

August 23, 1942

Front 122

German surrender at Stalingrad

Back 122

February 2, 1943

Front 123

Invasion of Italy

Back 123

July 10, 1943

Front 124

Surrender of Italy

Back 124

September 3, 1943

Front 125

D-Day invasion

Back 125

June 6, 1944

Front 126

Battle of the Bulge

Back 126

December 16, 1944

Front 127

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Back 127

October 23, 1944

Front 128

Battle of Okinawa

Back 128

April 1, 1945

Front 129

Bombing of Hiroshima

Back 129

August 6, 1945

Front 130

Bombing of Nagasaki

Back 130

August 9, 1945

Front 131

Nuremberg Trials

Back 131

1946

Front 132

V-E Day

Back 132

May 8, 1945

Front 133

Allied defeat at Agheila

Back 133

March 24, 1941