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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is ATP ? |
- adenosine triposphate - its a form of energy used by cells - it is an organic molecule containing high energy - phosphate bonds - it is called triphosphate because there are 3 phosphates attached to the ribose sugar |
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what is the chemical structure of ATP? |
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what are the components of an ATP? |
1. adenine base 2. ribose sugar 3. 3 phosphates |
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what is ATP used for? |
- it supplies energy - without ATP, cellular activities will be impossible. - it is also called as the "POWERBANK" |
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how do we get energy from ATP? |
it is gained by the high-energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP which is called HYDROLYSIS causing it to be called Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) |
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what enzyme is used to break down ATP to ADP? |
ATPase |
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what enzyme is used to reform ADP to ATP? |
ATPSynthetase |
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how does the ATP-ADP Cycle look like? |
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when is ATP made in the body? |
it is made during cellular respiration that takes place in plants and animals |
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what is the overall equation for cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O+e + 36-38 ATPS's |
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what carries the electrons? |
- it is carried by NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) - it is a coenzyme - it is reduced to NADH when it picks up 2 electrons and one hydrogen ion. |
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what are the other electron carriers? |
- FAD (Falvin Adenine Dinucleotide) - it can be reduced to FADH2 which is a conenzyme |
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what are the facts about cellular respiration? |
- it is a metabolic pathway that breaksdown carbohydrates - its a process that is EXORGENIC as high-energy glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O which releases energy. |
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what are the stages in cellular respiration? |
1. glycolysis (takes place in the cytoplasm) 2. the krebs cycle (takes place in the matrix) 3. electron transport chain (takes place in the cristae) |
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what is the structure of the mitochondria? |
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what happens in glycolysis? |
- the electrons produces are brought to the electron transport chain - ATP and acetyl CoA is produced - acetyl CoA will be utilized in the krebs cycle - it requires 2ATP - it is an anaerobic which means it does not require energy - this is where glucose is split into two molecules of Pyruvate/Pyruvic acid which is oxidized to be Acetyle CoA and CO2 is removed |
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what is oxidized to be Acetyl CoA in glycolysis? |
pyruvate or pyruvic acid |
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draw the cellular respiration cycle |
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draw the summary of the glycolysis |
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what is krebs cycle? |
- the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration.
- it is a series of reactions that give off CO2 and produces one ATP per cycle - this cycle produces 2 ATP - for each glucose molecule, the krebs cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP. |
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what is fermentation (also known as krebs cycle)? |
-it is an anaerobic process - it occurs when O2 is not processed - it is called as lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells which makes muscles tired |
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draw the lactic acid fermentation |
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draw the alcohol fermentation |
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what is the electron transport chain? |
- this is where 34 ATP is produced - H2O is produced - occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane - it is the collection of proteins - it is reduced NAD+ releases hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain. |
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what is chemiosmosis? |
this is when hydrogen goes back inside to produce water |
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what are the steps of krebs cycle? |
step 1 to 2 is carbon fixation step 3 to 7 is reduction step 8 is regeneration |
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what is photosynthesis? |
- energy flows through ecosystems begins when photosynthesizers (plants) capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy - this is the chemical energy that can power the reactions of life and can be stored for use at a later time. - it is a metabolic pathway that uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates which also creates oxygen - the process is cyclical, that products form one reaction are the reactants for the next reaction |
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what is anabolism? |
- it is under metabolism that is a metabolic reaction that builds molecules (an endergonic reaction) |
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what is catabolism? |
- it is a metabolic reaction that breaks down molecules (exergonic reaction) |
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what are autotrophs? |
they are producers that make food using the energy from the environment and carbon from inorganic molecules such as algae, hydra, and cianobacteria. |
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what are heterotrophs? |
they are the consumers which obtain carbon from organic compounds assembles by other organisms. |
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what are the 2 types of photosynthesis? |
1. light dependent reaction 2. light independent reaction (dark reaction/calvin cycle) |
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what is light dependent reaction? |
it converts light energy energy into chemical energy; the produces oxygen and ATP to be used in light independent reaction |
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what is calvin cycle? |
it does not require light energy, use CO2 and H2O to build sugars, powered by ATP. it is also called as light independent. |
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draw photosynthesis |
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what are chloroplasts? |
- this is where photosynthesis occurs |
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what are plastids? |
they are double membrane organelles that contain pigment |
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what does the chloroplast resemble? |
the photosynthetic bacteria they evolved from. -photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells are simillar to bacterial photosynthesis. |
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what are the 5 parts of the chloroplast? |
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what is the function of the lamella? |
it connects and separates thylakoid stacks (granum) |
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what is the function of granum? |
it is a flat membrane stacks that increase in the SA:Vol (Solution Accumulation) ratio and small interval volumes quickly accumulate ions |
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what is the function of the thylakoid? |
it has the ETC and ATP Synthase for pholophosphorylation |
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what is the function of stroma? |
it has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the calvin cycle |
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what is the function of the double membrane? |
it is the evidence for endosymbiosis (mutual relationship with another organism) |
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what is pigment? |
-it is the organic molecule that selectively absorbs certain wavelengths of light. - if a wavelength is not absorbed. it is reflected that give the pigment of the leaf. |
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what is the most common chlorophyll that is present in plants? |
Chlorophyll A |
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what is the function of chlorophyll A? |
it absorbs violet, red, orange, light but reflects blue and green light. |
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what is the function of chlorophyll B? |
chlorophyll B is the accessory pigment, collecting the energy in order to pass into chlorophyll A.
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what are the steps in photosynthesis light reaction? |
1. when light hits H20 separates into H+ and O2 due to ferredoxia reductase. 2. H+ attaches to NADP turning it NADPH and then the O2 leave the system IN THESE STEPS, ATP IS NOT PRODUCED 3. as more H+ are produced, it will build up in the thylakoid space. 4. after this, the process called chemiosmosis creates ATP Summary 1. last energy used to recharge ATP from ADP 2. NADPH produced from e-transport chain which stores energy until transfer to stroma. this plays an important role in light-dependent reaction. The total products here are ATP, NADPH, and O2 which exits the plants |
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what is the calvin cycle? |
- it is also called as the Benson Cycle where CO2, ATP, and NADPH are used to make glucose in the stroma. - it is called the synthesis part - it is important for plants to make glucose to store energy for long term use. |
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what is RUBISCO? |
ribolouse 1-5 biphospahte carboxylase oxygenolose |
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what is PGA? |
it is phospoglyceric acid |
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what is G3P? |
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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state the summary of calvin cycle |
1. in the stroma the RUBISCO takes the CO2 and connects to the RuBP and turns it into 3 molecules of G3P 2. some G3P are sent back to the cytoplasm to make glucose, and some are sent back to make more RuBP to restart the reaction. |
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what are the types of photosynthesis? |
CAM photosynthesis C3 photosynthesis C4 photosynthesis |
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what are the key points in glycolysis? |
- it is the process in which a glucose molecule is broken down into molecules of pyruvate - the process takes place in the cytoplasm of the plant - six enzymes are involved in the process - the end products are 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH molecules. |
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what is the krebs cycle? |
-it is also called as the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) - it's a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions occuring in the mitochondrial matrix where acetyl CoA is oxidised to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced which generates ATP in the ETC - it was postulated by Hanz Krebs - it is a part of cellular respiration -it is a biochemical process |
