2Nd Physiology Test

Front 1

Consists of the brain and psinal cord. Receives and processes info from sensory and viscera.

Back 1

Central Nervous system

Front 2

External environment

Back 2

Sensory information

Front 3

internal environment

Back 3

visceral information

Front 4

Consists of neurons that provide communication b/w the central nervous system and organs throughout the body

Back 4

Periperal Nervous System

Front 5

2 divisions of peripheral nervous system

Back 5

Afferent and Efferent

Front 6

Transmit snesory and visceral infor from organs to CNS

Back 6

Afferent

Front 7

transmit inor from the CNS to organs in the periphery

Back 7

Efferent

Front 8

Divisions of Efferent

Back 8

Somatic nervous system Autonomic nercous system

Front 9

Consists of the motor neurons, regualte skeletal muscle contractions

Back 9

somatic nervous system

Front 10

Consists of nuerons that regualte the function of internal organs and other sturctures that are not under voluntary control

Back 10

Autonomic nervous system

Front 11

Branches of Autonomic nervous system

Back 11

Parasympatheit and sympathetic nervous systems

Front 12

2 Main classes of cells in the Nervous system

Back 12

Neurons and Glial cells

Front 13

Cells capable of producint large, rapid electrical signals

Back 13

Excitbale cells

Front 14

Excitable cells

Back 14

Neurons

Front 15

Support cells

Back 15

Glial Cells

Front 16

contains nucleus and most organelles

Back 16

Soma

Front 17

reception of incoming information

Back 17

Dendrites

Front 18

transmits electrical impulses called action potentials

Back 18

Axon

Front 19

where axon originates and action potentials initiated

Back 19

Axon hillock

Front 20

releases neurotransmitter

Back 20

Axon terminal

Front 21

Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ

Back 21

Synapse

Front 22

Always open throughout neuron
Contribute to resting membrane potential

Back 22

Leak channels

Front 23

Open or close in response to ligand binding
Dendrites & cell body

Back 23

Ligand-gated channels

Front 24

Open or close in response to change in membrane potential

Back 24

Voltage-gated channels

Front 25

throughout, but more in axon (especially axon hillock)
action potentials

Back 25

Sodium and potassium channels

Front 26

Axon terminal
Release of neurotransmitter

Back 26

Calcium Channels

Front 27

What are the three structrual classes of neurons

Back 27

Bi-poplar, Multi-polar, Pseudouni-polar

Front 28

What are the functional classes of neuron

Back 28

Efferent and Afferent

Front 29

Central nervous system
One = Several myelin sheaths
Several axons

Back 29

oligodendrocyte

Front 30

Peripheral nervous system
One = One myelin sheath
One axon

Back 30

Schwann cell

Front 31

Approximately -70 mV

Back 31

Resting Membrane Potential

Front 32

Exists because more negative charges inside cell and more positive charges outside cell

Back 32

Resting Membrane Potential

Front 33

small
communicate over short distances

Back 33

Graded potential

Front 34

large
communicate over long distances

Back 34

action potential

Front 35

Initiated by a stimulus (ex: sensory, chemical) that triggers opening or closing of ion channels

Back 35

Graded potential

Front 36

level of depolarization necessary to elicit action potential

Back 36

Threshold

Front 37

depolarization

Back 37

Excitory

Front 38

hyperpolarization

Back 38

Inhibitory

Front 39

magnitude decreases as move away from origin

Back 39

Decremental

Front 40

Same stimulus
Repeated close together in time

Back 40

Temporal Summation

Front 41

Different stimuli
Overlap in time

Back 41

Spatial Summation

Front 42

rapid large depolarization used for communication

Back 42

Action potential

Front 43

Period of decreased excitability following an action potential

Back 43

Refractory periods

Front 44

Immediately follows action potential
No action potential possible

Back 44

Absolute refractory period

Front 45

Follows absolute refractory period
Action potential possible with stronger stimulus

Back 45

Relative refractory period

Front 46

Types of synapses

Back 46

Electrical and Chemical

Front 47

2 neurons linked together by gap junctions

Back 47

Electrical Synapse

Front 48

1-5 msec between arrival of AP and change in post-synaptic Vm

Back 48

Synaptic Delay

Front 49

Change in membrane potential in response to neurotransmitter binding to receptor

Back 49

Postsynaptic Potential

Front 50

more likely to have action potential
Depolarization

Back 50

Excititory cells

Front 51

less likely to have action potential
Hyperpolarization
Membrane stabilization

Back 51

Inhibitory cells

Front 52

The summing of input from various synapses at the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron to determine whether the neuron will generate action potentials

Back 52

Neural Integration

Front 53

Strength of depolarization at the axon hillock is coded by the frequency of action potentials

Back 53

Frequency Coding

Front 54

Found in PNS and CNS
Most abundant neurotransmitter in PNS

Back 54

Acetylcholine

Front 55

derived from tyrosine

Back 55

Catecholamines

Front 56

derived from tryptophan

Back 56

Serotonin

Front 57

derived from histidine

Back 57

Histamine

Front 58

greatest affinity for epinephrine

Back 58

Beta 2

Front 59

greatest affinity for norepinephrine

Back 59

Alpha and Beta 1

Front 60

Short chains of amino acids

Back 60

Neuropeptides

Front 61

consists of the brain and spinal cord. Sensory and viscera organs

Back 61

CNS

Front 62

consists of neurons that provide communication b/w the CNS and organs throughout body

Back 62

PNS

Front 63

transmit sensory and visceral info from the organs to CNS

Back 63

Afferent

Front 64

ddassociated w/the skin, muscles and joints

Back 64

somatic sneses

Front 65

vison hearing, equilibrium smell and taste

Back 65

special snses

Front 66

transmit info from the CNS to rogans in the Periphery

Back 66

efferent

Front 67

Muscles and glands that perfom ffunctgions in response to commands from neurons

Back 67

effector organs

Front 68

Somatic nervous system

Back 68

moter neurons regulate skeletal muscle contracitons

Front 69

consists of nurons that regulate the function of internal organs and other stucrtures that are not under volunatry control

Back 69

autonomic nervous system

Front 70

cells capable ofproducing large rapid electrical signals

Back 70

excitable cells

Front 71

contains the cell nucleus and most of the cell's organelles

Back 71

cell body

Front 72

recieve input from other neurons at specialized juncitons called synapses...receveiving

Back 72

dendrites

Front 73

comes off the cell bodya. job is to send info

Back 73

axon

Front 74

Rapid large changes in membrane potential during which the inside of the cell becomes positively charged relatie to outside

Back 74

Action potentials

Front 75

site where the axon orginates from the cell boday is specialized inmost neurons for the initiation of action potentials

Back 75

axon hilllock

Front 76

Release of neurotransmitter upon arrival of an action potential

Back 76

axon terminal

Front 77

Found i nplasma membrane thorughout a neruon, always open and are responsible for th eresting membrane potential

Back 77

leak channels

Front 78

open or close in resonse to the binding of a chemical messenger to a specific receptore in the plasma membrane. located in the dendrites and cell body

Back 78

ligand=gated channels

Front 79

open or close in response to changes in memrbane potential

Back 79

voltage=gated channels

Front 80

Second class of cell found in the nervous system
account for 90 percent of all cell sin nervous systems
provide sturctural intergrity to the nervous system
necessary for neruons to carry out their function

Back 80

glial cells

Front 81

from myeling around axons in the CNS
1 of them sends out projections proficind the myelin segments for many acons

Back 81

oligodelndrocytes

Front 82

from meylin around axons in the PNS, 1 cell provides meylin fro only 1 axon

Back 82

Schwann cells

Front 83

gaps in the meylin

Back 83

nodes of ranvier

Front 84

At rest the inside of the cell is what?

Back 84

neg. charged

Front 85

poential diff across its memrbane such that the inside of teh cell is neg relative to the outside, -70

Back 85

resting membrane potential

Front 86

RMP depends on 2 things

Back 86

concentraion gradients of ions
presence of ion chnnels in plasma membrane

Front 87

change to a more neg. valuse

Back 87

hyperpolarization

Front 88

change to a less eng. or to a pos potentials

Back 88

depolarizations

Front 89

when the membrane potential returns ot the resting membrane potential following a dpeolarization

Back 89

repolariztion

Front 90

small changes in the the membrane potential that occur when ion channels open or close in response to a stimulus action on the cell

Back 90

graded potentials

Front 91

Potassium channels to open, potassium ions would move out

Back 91

hyperpolarization

Front 92

graded potentials gernerate action potentials if they depolarize a neuron to a certain level of membrane potentials

Back 92

threshold

Front 93

graded potentials that are depolarizations

Back 93

excitatory

Front 94

graded potetnaisl that are hyperpolarizations

Back 94

inhibitory

Front 95

spread of volatage by passive charge movement

Back 95

electrotonic conduction

Front 96

stimuli are applied in shcu rapid succession that the graded potential form1 stimulu does not dissipate b4 the next graded potential occurs

Back 96

temporal summation

Front 97

effects of stimuli form different sources occurrin close together ionn time sum

Back 97

spatial summation

Front 98

membrane potential is even more negative than at rest

Back 98

after-hyperpolarization

Front 99

Whether a membrane is depolarized to thrshold or above the amplitude of the resulting action potential is the same, if the membrane is not depolarized to threshold, no action potential occurs

Back 99

all or none principle

Front 100

reduced excitability

Back 100

refreactory period

Front 101

spans all of the depolarization phase plus most of the repoalrization phase of an action potential

Back 101

absolut erefractory period

Front 102

immediately after the absolute refracotry period

Back 102

relative refractory period

Front 103

operate by allowing electrical signals to be transmitted from 1 neruon to another through gap junction

Back 103

electrical synapses

Front 104

operate through the release of neurotransmitters that activate signal transduction mechanisms

Back 104

chemica synapses

Front 105

synapse b/w a neuron and an effector cell

Back 105

neuroeffetor junction

Front 106

numerous small membrane=bound comparments which store neurotransmitter molecules

Back 106

synaptic vesicles

Front 107

due to the time required for calcium to trigger the exocytosis of neurotransmitter

Back 107

synaptic delay

Front 108

change in the memrbane

Back 108

postd through G protein-linked receptorssynaptic potential

Front 109

Slow responses are mediated through G protein-linked receptors

Back 109

metabotropic receptors

Front 110

one that brings the memrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to eht threshold for generating an action potential

Back 110

excitatory synapse

Front 111

excitatory synapses depolarize the postsynaptic neuronal thrshold by hyperpolari

Back 111

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Front 112

either takes the memrbane potential of the postsynaptic neuron away from the action potential threshold by hyperpolarizin the neuron

Back 112

inhibitory synapse

Front 113

Neurotransmitter causes potassium channels to open, potassium will move out of the cell

Back 113

Inhibitory postsynapitc potential

Front 114

2 or more postsynaptic otentials are generated in rapid succession at the same synapse

Back 114

temporalo summation

Front 115

occurs as postsynapitc potentials orginiating at diff synapses spread to the axon hillock, overlapping along the way

Back 115

spatial summation

Front 116

the most diverse of the glial cells serving many function in the CNS
1. development of neural conncections
2. reg development and maintenance of synapses

Back 116

Astrocytes

Front 117

Three connective tissue membranes that separate the soft tissue of the CNS from the surrounding bonde

Back 117

meninges