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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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give me 4 possible causes of impaired cardiac function leading to heart failure
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-myocardial disease
---cardiomyopathies ---myocarditis ---coronary insufficiency ---MI -valvular heart disease ---regurgitation ---stenosis -congenital heart disease -constrictive pericarditis |
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give me 3 possible causes of excessive demand on the heart leading to heart failure
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-increased pressure
---HTN -increased volume -increased perfusion work ---anaemia ---thyrotoxicosis |
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6 ways to describe type of heart failure
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-high output or low output
-systolic or diastolic -left or right sided |
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factors affecting preload
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-LVEDP
-LVEDV -wall stress |
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La Place's law
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wall stress = (pressure x radius) / 2 x wall thickness
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tell me more about the following variety of heart failure, including causes
-HIGH OUTPUT or low output -systolic or diastolic -left or right sided |
HIGH OUTPUT
-output SUPRANORMAL, but inadequate to meet excessive metabolic demands -eg severe anaemia, thyrotoxicosis, Paget's disease, arteriovenous shunts |
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tell me more about the following variety of heart failure, including causes
-high output or LOW OUTPUT -systolic or diastolic -left or right sided |
LOW OUTPUT
-disorders that impair the pumping ability of the heart -eg IHD, cardiomyopathy |
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tell me more about the following variety of heart failure, including causes
-high output or low output -SYSTOLIC or diastolic -left or right sided |
SYSTOLIC
-impaired ejection of blood during systole -decreased contractility, ejection fraction -increased EDP, EDV, wall stress -ventricular wall dilation caused by -impaired contractile peformance (IHD, cardiomyopathy) -volume overload (valvular regurgitation, anaemia) -pressure overload (HTN, valvular stenosis) |
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tell me more about the following variety of heart failure, including causes
-high output or low output -systolic or DIASTOLIC -left or right sided |
DIASTOLIC
-impaired filling of the ventricles during systole -small ventricular chamber -ventricular hypertrophy -poor ventricular compliance (ability to stretch during filling) -congestive symptoms caused by -conditions that restrict diastolic filling (mitral stenosis) -conditions that decrease chamber size and increase wall thickness (myocardial hypertrophy) -conditions that delay diastolic relaxation (aging, IHD) |
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tell me more about the following variety of heart failure, including causes
-high output or low output -systolic or diastolic -LEFT or right sided |
LEFT
-impaired pumping of blood from low pressure pulmonary circulation to high pressure systemic circulation -decreased CO -increases LV and LA end diastolic pressure -congestion in pulmonary circulation -pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure (normally 10mmHg) > oncotic pressure (normally 25 mmHg) shift of intravascular fluid into interstitual fluid of the lung causing pulmonary oedema causes -acute MI -cardiomyoupathy -valvular defects |
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why does pulmonary oedema often occur at night?
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when supine and not under same gravitational forces, fluid from lower extremities renters vascular compartment and is redistributed to pulmonary circulation
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tell me more about the following variety of heart failure, including causes
-high output or low output -systolic or diastolic -left or RIGHT sided |
RIGHT
-impaired ability to move blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation -accumulation in systemic venous system -increased RV, RA end diastolic pressures -increased systemic venous pressure -peripheral oedema -distension of jugular veins -congestion of viscera ---engorged liver ---engorged spleen ---ascitis ---congestion of GI tract caused by conditions that weaken the heart muscle or restrict flow in to the lungs -stenosis/regurgitation of pulmonary SL/tricuspid valves -right ventricular infarct -cardiomyopathy -persistantleft sided failure -cor pulmonale |
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please tell me what COR PULMONALE is
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it is an enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of pulmonary disease
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