Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ethical issues surrounding vaccine use |
Tested on animals Side effects In epidemics decisions need to be made about who receives the vaccine first |
|
|
How do vaccines make people immune to disease? |
They stimulate memory cell production |
|
|
Difference between active and passive immunity |
Active - immune system makes its own antibodies Passive - antibodies are received from a different organism |
|
|
Structure of an antibody |
|
|
|
Antibody |
A protein that binds to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex |
|
|
What is the B-cell response to a foreign antigen? |
Divides into identical plasma cells Produces and releases monoclonal antibodies specific to the antigen |
|
|
What is the T-cell response to a foreign antigen? |
Activates phagocytes, Tc-cells and B-cells |
|
|
What are T-cell activated by? |
Foreign antigens presented by phagocytes |
|
|
What are the four main stages of immune response? |
Phagocytosis, T-cell activation, B-cell activation and antibody production |
|
|
What does the immune system use antigens for? |
To identify foreign cells, abnormal cells and toxins |
|
|
Antigens |
Molecules that can generate an immune response |
|
|
Why can't antibiotics be used against viruses? |
Viruses don't have their own enzymes and ribosomes that the antibiotics can target |
|
|
How does HIV replicate? |
Uses the host cell to produce viral proteins which then become new viruses and infect new cells |
|
|
What are the symptoms of HIV caused by? |
Reduced number of Th-cells in the body |
|
|
Monoclonal antibodies |
Identical antibodies produced from a single group of plasma cells |
|
|
Ethical issues surrounding monoclonal antibodies |
Animals are used to produce the cells from which the antibodies are produced |
|
|
Antigenic Variation |
When pathogens change their surface antigens |
|
|
What effect does antigenic Variation have on immunity and disease prevention? |
The immune system has to start again and carry out a primary response so you can become ill again It is difficult to develop vaccines against the pathogen |
