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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Character
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a trait or characteristic that varies among taxa, and that in any given taxon occurs in only one form
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Character State
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A particular variant of a character (3 middle ear bones in mammals, 1 in reptile)
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Synapomorphy
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Shared, derived characters, i.e. a dorsal, hollow nerve cord in the Phylum Chordata (all chodates have it) but their ancestors don't
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Plesiomorphy
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shared ancestral characters (Lungs in mammals; ancestors have them too)
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Monophyletic
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A group that contains all of the taxa that share a common ancestor, and only those that share that common ancestor
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Polyphyletic
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a group that includes taxa that do not all share a single recent common ancetor (Protists)
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Paraphyletic
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a group that only includes all taxa with a common ancestor, but doesn't include all of the taxa with that same ancestor (Reptilia, missing birds)
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Ingroup
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a group assumed to be monophyletic, usually the taxa of primary interest
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Outgroup
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one or more taxa assumed to be phylogenetically outside the ingroup, but usually ancestral to it
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Parsimony
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the principle that things should be kept as simple as possible-that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is usually the correct one
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Types of evidence for the evolution of chordates
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fossils
embryology molecular |
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Allies of the chordata
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hemichordates
echinorderms |
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Hemichordates
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Marine worms
Deutrosomes |
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Echinodersm
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Marine animals
Sea stars, urchins, radial symmetry |
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3 traditional taxa in chordata
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urochordata
cephalochordata vertebrates |
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Urochordata
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tunicates
Marine, filter feeding noto chord pharyngeal gill slits |
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Cephalachordata
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lancelets, e.g. Amphioxus
Marine filter feeter Notochord extends into head |
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Vertebrates
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You should know what animals are vertebrates
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Earliest vertebrates
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Found Found 500-550 mya during cambrian explosion
Ostracoderms |
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Distinguishing features of vertebrates (7)
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Vertebrae-cartilaginous or bony elements that develop around to notochord and nerve chord
-Cranium surrounding brain -Gill arches that support gills -Muscularized pharynx and gut -Closed circulatory system with well-defined 3-4 chambered heart -Specialized glomercular kidneys -Dorsal fins |
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Haikouella
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early chordate
segmented muscles pharyngeal gill slits post anal tail |
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Evolution or jaws
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Gill arches became jaws
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Evolution of shark teeth
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From dermal skeleton
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Mechanism responsible for the devonian period
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Evolution of jaws
-allowed for more effective predation |
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Common groups of the Devonian
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1. Placoderms
2. Acanthodians 3. Chondricthyes 4. Osteichthyes |
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Placoderms
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Lots of dermal bone
Jointed skulls Jaws modified with cutting plates |
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Acanthodians
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No direct descendants
Shed light on the origin of fins |
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Chondricthyes
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Very successful
-Rays -Chimera -Sharks |
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Osteichthyes
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Most evolutionarily successful vertebrates in terms of species diversity
-Swim bladder (constant depth without swimming) |
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Two major clades of osteichthyes
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Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii |
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Actinopterygii
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Ray finned fishes
The most common |
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Sarcopterygii
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Lobe finned fishes
-Support for fins is found outside the body -Lungs and lobe-finned skeletal elements were already present before they became terrestrial |
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Amphibian Respiration
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Cutaneous
Lunngs Gill |
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2 lineages of early amniotes
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Synapsids
Sauropsids |
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Synapsides
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Evolve muscular diaphragm
Turbinate bones Heterodont teeth Ultimately some become endothermic |
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Sauropsids
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Evolve mechanism to ventilate lungs during locomotion
A diverse array of descendants -(lizards, snakes, dinos, plesiosaurs, icthysaurs) and ultimately some groups become endothermic (birds) |
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Evolution or inner ear ossicles
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evolved from the jaw bones
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Order primates
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Apes
Monkeys Humans Lemurs Lorises Tarsiers |
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Timeperiod for human evolution
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60 mybp
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Earliest ancestors of humans
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Order insectivora (moles, shrews)
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Characteristics of early primates
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Arboreal
Nocturnal |
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Reasons for primates successes
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Short snouts with eyes facing forward (binocular vision)
-Larger brains relative to body size (more intelligence) -Opposable thumbs (allowed for grasping and precise manipulation of objects) -Extended prenatal care (facilitated greater reproductive success and more complex social behavior) -Successfully adapted to aboreal life (highly developed eyesight, olfactory) |
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Origin of superfamily hominoidea
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Diverged from monkeys 35 mybp
Most larger than monkeys (lacked tails, larger brains) Spread through old world (Africa and asia) |
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Origin of family hominidae
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Divverged from african apes (based on DNA, anatomy, and protein similarities)
-8-5 mybp More closely related to chimps |
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Distinguishing features of family hominidae
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Skeletal adaptations for bipedalism (pelvis that could support weight)
Brain size Tooth anatomy |
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Species in genus australopithecus
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A. anagmensis
A. afarensis A. africanus A. robustus A. boisei A. aethiopicus |
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A. anamensis
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E. Africa, 4 mybp
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A afarensis
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Lucy, E. and S. Africa, 3.3-3 mybp
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A. africanus
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E. and S. Africa, 3-2.3 mybp
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A. robustus
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S. Africa, 2-1.4 mybp
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A. aethiopicus
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E. africa
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Homo Habilus
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2.5 mybp
Compared to australopithecus -smaller molars and premolars -more slendar jaw -larger brain first known tool users |
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Adaptive radiation and history of hominids
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H. Habilus (2.5 mybp, tools)
H. Ergaster (Africa, 2-1.4 mybp) H. erectus (1.8-.5 mybp, spread from Africa) H. heidelbergensis (.8-.1 mybp) H. neandertalensis (250k-30k ybp) |
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2 hypothesis about regional groups
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Multiregional (isolated groups became different races that we see today)
Out of Africa (all H. Sapiens trace ancestry to one group of H. erectus in Africa) |
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Homo florensiensis
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Indonesia
12,000 ybp 1 m. tall 1/3 brain size as Sapiens Diverged before Sapiens |
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Major determinants of earths climate
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Earth is round and is exposed to parallel rays of sun
Earth revolves around sun Earth is tilted 23 degrees Warm air is less dense than cold, holds more moisture Earth rotates on axis W to E |
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Heat loss per km for dry air
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10 degrees
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Heat loss per km for wet air
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6 degrees
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Northern hemisphere ocean currents
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clockwise
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Southern hemisphere ocean currents
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counterclockwise
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Aquatic climates
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Litoral zone
Limnetic zone Profundal Zone |
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Litoral zone
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light permeates all the way to the bottom
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Limnetic zone
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open surface waters away from shore
-light still penetrates |
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profundal zone
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where light doesn't penetrate
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Oceanic climates
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Neretic (over continental shelf)
Euphotic (light still penetrates) Benthic (on bottom) Abyssal (no light) |
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Epilimmnion
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warm, surface water
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Hypolimmnion
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cold, deep water of lakes
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thermocline
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when the water changes temperature rapidly over a short distance
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oligotrophic lakes
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lower productivity
home to salmonoid fishe (salmon, trout, whitefish) |
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eutrophic lakes
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more shallow and nutrient rich lakes
home to basses and bluegills |
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causes of anthropogenic eutrophication
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agricultural runoff
sewage lawn chemicals |
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Determining factors of biomes
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water availability
temperature |
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Types of biomes
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tropical: rain forest, deciduous forest, grasslands
temperate: rain forest, deciduous forest, conifersous forest, grassland hot desert cold desert tundra |
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d
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per capita death rate
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b
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per capita birth rate
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N(subt)
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population size at limit
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r(subm)
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intrinsic rate of natural increase
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P
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predator population size for prey
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Row
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frequency at which the prey and predator come into contact
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K
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carrying capacity
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alpha
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efficiency of conversion of prey into new predators
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r
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b-d
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hot deserts
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no precipitation, high temperature
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tropical savanna
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warm year round
not enough water for forests |
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tropical deciduous forests
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warm all year round
predictable water droughts during part of year |
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tropical rain forest
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always warm
always lots of precipitation |
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tropical shrublands
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high seasonality in temperature
no forests due to water deficits lots of forest fires |
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temperate grasslands
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high seasonality in temperature
cold, dry winters, warm wet summers |
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temperate deciduous forests
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high seasonality in temp.
water deficits not severe during growing season |
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temperate rain forest
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olympic peninsula, australia
high seasonality in temp, mostly moderate lots of water |
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taiga/boreal forest
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cool year round
water always available |
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tundra
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cool year round
no trees due to temperatures |
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types of distribution patterns
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clumped/aggregated
uniform/hyperdispersed/regular random |
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reasons for clumped patterns
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reaction to patchy resources
positive social interactions limited resources |
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reasons for uniform distribution
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competetion
negative social consequences |
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random
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randomly distributed resources
no interaction between organisms |
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density independent regulating factors
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effect birth and death rates independent of pop. density
often abiotic |
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density dependent regulating factors
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effect birth and death rates proportionally to population density
often biotic |
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driving forces behind life history characteristics
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reproduction vs. future survival
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3 questions of life history theorey
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1. how many times to breed
2. when to start 3. how many offspring to produce/how much investment into them |
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aquatic zones
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pelagic
photic aphotic demersal benthic |
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pelagic
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the layer that isn't closest to the bottom
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photic
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the region in the ocean/lake where photosynthesis can occur
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aphotic
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where almost no light (1%) penetrates
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demersal
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region that is near to an affected by seabed
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benthic zone
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the region at the bottom of the sea
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synapomorphies of chordates
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notochords
phyrangeal gill slits dorsal, hollow nerve chord postanal tail |
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tetrapod synapomorphies
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4 feet
dactylous limbs (fingers) choana |
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amniote synapomorphies
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amniote egg
waterproof skin pelvic girdle attached to 2 sacral vertebrae |
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synapomorphies of mammals
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mammary glands
hair 7 vertebrae 3 middle ear ossicles |
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2nd pair of gill arches
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hybomandibular
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slit between 1st and 2nd gill arches
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spiracle
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selection pressures to escape the water
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escape predators
get to other bodies of water |
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mammalian jaw structure
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lower jaw is one bone
other 2 middle ear bones come from the articular and quadrate bone |
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snake jaw structure
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several lower jaw bones/joint between jaws
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malleus
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articular bone
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incus
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quadrate bone
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differences between Sapiens and most recent common ancestor
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Less robust mandible
Smaller molars Less sexual dimorphism Larger Brain Less robust skeleton overall |
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characteristics of hominoidea
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no tails
larger brains larger than monkeys |
