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53 Cards in this Set
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انفجار |
bomb/gas/nuclear explosion Several people were injured in a bomb explosion. We heard a loud explosion.huge/massive etc explosion A massive explosion ripped through the building. |
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immediately: |
All four victims died instantly. The information was instantly available |
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ناسازگاری disagreement, angry feelings, or unfriendliness between people |
SYN tension cause/create friction Having my mother living with us causes friction at home. friction between the usual frictions between parents and their teenage children friction with His independent attitude was a constant source of friction with his boss. |
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a mistaken belief or a wrong understanding of something |
formal SYN misunderstandingunder a misapprehension You seem to be under a misapprehension. I think we should clear up this misapprehension. |
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نیروی کار |
the labour force (all the people who work in a country or for a company)· We need an educated labour force. |
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بازار کار |
the labour market (the people looking for work and the jobs available)· the percentage of women in the labour market |
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کمبود نیروی کار |
a labour shortage· Immigrants came into the country to fill the labour shortage. |
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کار. نیروی کار |
the labour force (=all the people who work in a country or for a company)· We need an educated labour force.the labour supply (=all the people available to work)· What was the effect of the war on the labour supply?the labour market (=the people looking for work and the jobs available)· the percentage of women in the labour marketa labour shortage· Immigrants came into the country to fill the labour shortage.labour costs· There was pressure to keep down labour costs |
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to make someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem or situation: |
Teachers reassured anxious parents. reassure somebody (that) He tried to reassure me that my mother would be okay |
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to do something that involves risks |
take a chance : The rope might break, but that’s a chance we’ll have to take. After losing $20,000 on my last business venture, I’m not taking any chances this time.chance on He was taking a chance on a relatively new young actor. He decided to take his chances in the boat. |
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آشغال ریختن. کثیف کردن |
(also litter up) if things litter an area, there are a lot of them in that place, scattered in an untidy way: Clothes littered the floor.litter something with something The desk was littered with papers.2be littered with something if something is littered with things, there are a lot of those things in it SYN be full of something: Recent business news has been littered with stories of companies failing |
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to remain in the same place or position |
• Just stay put with the cases, while I go and find a taxi |
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گسترش |
urban expansion We are seeing uncontrolled urban expansion in many African cities. |
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used when you are comparing sth with all similar things |
relatively speaking Relatively speaking, these jobs provide good salaries Relatively speaking, land prices are still pretty cheap here. |
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نسبت به چیزی |
* in proportion to something our expenditures are too high in proportion to our income |
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someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree |
a Harvard graduate graduate of a graduate of Edinburgh University university graduates a history graduate graduate in He’s a graduate in philosophy |
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a student at college or university, who is working for their first degree |
→ graduate, postgraduate: second-year undergraduates undergraduate student/course/degree etc |
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the relationship between two things in size, amount, importance etc متناسب بودن |
the proportion of something to something What’s the proportion of boys to girls in your class? in proportion to something The rewards you get in this job are in direct proportion to the effort you put in. |
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the correct or most suitable relationship between the size, shape, or position of the different parts of something: |
Builders must learn about scale and proportion.in proportion متناسب. دارای تناسب Reduce the drawing so that all the elements stay in proportion.in proportion to something Her feet are small in proportion to her height.out of proportion with something نامتناسب (با چیزی) The porch is out of proportion with (=too big or too small when compared with) the rest of the house the proportion of exports to imports تناسب،نسبت |
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the ability to judge what is most important in a situation |
sense of proportion have/keep/lose a sense of proportion You can protest by all means, but keep a sense of proportion. |
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the period of time when someone is young, especially the period when someone is a teenager |
in somebody’s youth Many of these people had used drugs in their youth |
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likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful |
مستعد/ آماده/ متمایل به prone to Some plants are very prone to disease. prone to do something Kids are all prone to eat junk food. accident-prone/injury-prone etc He’s always been accident-prone |
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to relate directly to something: |
pertain to something phrasal verb formal legislation pertaining to employment rights |
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انقلاب |
the French Revolution of 1789 The role of women has changed since the revolution. The country seems to be heading towards revolution |
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plants in general |
: Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation |
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to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one ۲to make someone angry, especially deliberately |
provoke a protest/an outcry/criticism etc The proposal provoked widespread criticism. The decision to invade provoked storms of protest. provoke debate/discussion The novel has provoked fierce debate in the US. provoke somebody into (doing) something She hopes her editorial will provoke readers into thinking seriously about the issue. provoke somebody to do something Emma, though still at school, was provoked to help too. ۲ The dog would not have attacked if it hadn’t been provoked. provoke somebody into (doing) something Paul tried to provoke Fletch into a fight. تحریک کردن ،ترغیب کردن. واداشتن عصبانی کردن به وجود آوردن، باعث شدن |
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to change the direction in which something travels |
divert a river/footpath/road etc Canals divert water from the Truckee River into the lake. The high street is closed and traffic is being diverted. |
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a narrow path for people to walk along, especially in the country |
SYN trail کوره راه، راه باریک واسه پیاده روی They followed the coastal footpath into the village There are over 1,000 miles of public footpaths within the national park boundaries |
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to aim something in a particular direction or at a particular person, group etc هدایت کردن چیزی |
direct something at/towards etc something The machine directs an X-ray beam at the patient’s body. The new route directs lorries away from the town centre. I’d like to direct your attention to paragraph four. I want to direct my efforts more towards my own projects. |
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a way from one place to another |
route to/from What’s the best route to Cambridge?take/follow a route (=use a route) We weren’t sure about which route we should take. the most direct route home |
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if someone or a part of their body is stiff, their muscles hurt and it is difficult for them to move if someone or a part of their body is stiff, their muscles hurt and it is difficult for them to moveعضله گرفتهچیز سفتچیز مشکل و سخت عضله گرفته چیز سفت چیز مشکل و سخت |
stiff from doing something Her legs were stiff from kneeling.stiff with Her fingers were stiff with cold. stiff neck/back/joint etc Alastair woke with a stiff neck. I never felt stiff after training until I wasin my thirties. The next morning I was as stiff as aboard (=very stiff). Beat the egg whites until stiff. a stiff test stiff competition/opposition Graduates face stiff competition ingetting jobs. |
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to become fewer in number, especially when there were many before, or to remove people, plants, or things so that fewer remain: |
(also thin out) The crowd had thinned out and only a few people were left. The trees thinned as we got closer to the top of the mountain. Traffic was finally thinning. Thin the carrots to two inches apart. Her hair had been thinned and cut shorter. |
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a nervous worried feeling that makes it impossible for you to relax |
دلواپسی.فشار روحی.نگرانی.تنش The tension was becoming unbearable, and I wanted to scream. reduce/relieve/ease etc tension Exercise is the ideal way to relieve tension after a hard day |
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too unpleasant, painful, or annoying to deal with |
SYN intolerable: The pain was almost unbearable. He was making life unbearable for his parents. unbearably adverb: an unbearably hot day |
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the feeling that exists when people or countries do not trust each other and may suddenly attack each other or start arguing |
کشمکش. تنش political/racial/social etc tension In those days, there was a great deal of racial tension on campus. tension between The obvious tension between Warren and Anne made everyone else uncomfortable. |
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کم کردن تنش |
defuse tension (make a situation more friendly)· He searched for ways of defusing racial tension. raise/increase the tension· The arrests only served to raise the tension. |
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to improve a difficult or dangerous situation, for example by making people less angry or by dealing with the causes of a problem |
(با سیاست و کیاست و غیره) از وخامت (وضع) کاستن، تشنج زدایی کردن defuse a situation/crisis/row etc Beth’s quiet voice helped to defuse the situation.defuse tension/anger etc The agreement was regarded as a means of defusing ethnic tensions. |
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منبع استرس |
a source of tension This agreement should remove a major source of tension among America’s allies. |
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تنش |
racial tension· Racial tension boiled over and riots quickly spread. social tension· The economic crisis was accompanied by mounting social tension. political tension· The heightened political tension could easily spill over into violence. tension is/remains high· After the election, political tension remains high. increasing/growing/mounting/rising tension· There are reports of increasing tension in some areas. heightened tension (=greater than before)· a time of heightened tension between the two countries a state of tension· Marjorie lived in a constant state of tension waiting for his phone calls. an atmosphere of tension· Voting took place in an atmosphere of tension. |
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to have started doing something and not yet be finished: |
be in the process of (doing) something The company is in the process of moving to new offices |
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a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a particular result: ۲a series of things that happen naturally and result in gradual change |
the Israeli–Egyptian peace process Repetition can help the learning process. process of the process of economic change slow/lengthy/laborious etc process Getting fit again has been a long slow process. the mental processes involved in decision-making ۲process of the natural process of evolution Coal forms by a slow process of chemical change. the digestive process |
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the process of making something such as a business operate in a lot of different countries all around the world, or the result of this: |
the increasing globalization of world trade |
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to make a hole or passage in the ground |
SYN dig down burrow into/under/through etc Mother turtles burrow into the sand to lay their eggs. |
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to move earth, snow etc, or to make a hole in the ground, using a spade or your hands |
dig a hole/trench/grave etc They dig a small hole in the sand to bury their eggs. dig down Dig down about 6 inches. dig for birds digging for worms |
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علمی about or relating to science, or using its methods: |
We believe in investing in scientific research the limits of scientific knowledge decisions based on scientific evidence the international scientific community (=scientists) |
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before something happens or is expected to happen: |
in advance (of something) I should warn you in advance that I’m not a very good dancer. Many thanks, in advance, for your help. six months/a year etc in advance Book tickets 21 days in advance. Could you distribute copies well in advance of the meeting? be in advance of somebody/something to be more developed or modern than someone or something else: Their aircraft were in advance of those used by the US |
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the gradual change and development of an idea, situation, or object |
evolution of the evolution of the computer نظریه ی تکامل داروین |
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تحول |
evolution happens/takes place (also evolution occurs formal)· We can see signs of evolution taking place in the world around us.trace something's evolution (find the origins of when an animal, plant etc began or where it came from)· Anthropologists can trace the evolution of plants and animals by examining fossils |
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a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants |
Seven species of birds of prey have been observed. pandas and other endangered species (=ones that may soon no longer exist) plural species |
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when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing: ۲when a type of person, custom, skill etc stops existing: |
species in danger of extinctionon the verge/edge/brink of extinction (=nearly extinct) The breed was on the verge of extinction. They were hunted almost to extinction. Conservationists are trying to save the whale from extinction.face extinction/be threatened with extinction Many endangered species now face extinction. ۲ Their traditional way of life seems doomed to extinction. cause/lead to extinction (=make an animal, plant etc stop existing)· Exactly what caused the extinction of the dinosaurs? |
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حیات وحش یه منطقه all the animals living in a particular area or period in history |
Fauna The local flora and fauna (plants and animals) (technical) land and marine faunas |
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دریایی relating to the sea and the creatures that live there: |
the enormous variety of marine life the effects of oil pollution on marine mammals marine biology |
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all the plants that grow in a particular place or country: |
Tourism is damaging the flora and fauna (plants and animals) of the island. |
