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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vitamin A
(derived from, precursor to, quantified in) |
-derived from carotene inside animal body
-precursor to retinal (vision) and retinoic acid (intracellular messenger of gene transcription) -quantified in IU |
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Vitamin D
(functions, importance, supplementation) |
- calcium absorption
-Ca/P metabolism -immune funcion development and regulation -less critical in mature animals versus young -active form quite toxic, so we consume inactive precursor (Cholecalciforol -> Vitamin D3 |
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Vitamin E
(funtions, structure, measurement, potency) |
-antioxidant protection
-immune function -inhbit absorption of vit A -variation in side chain structure -measured in IU (different IU than vit A) -alpha- tocopherol most potent |
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Vitamin K
(funcion, types, production, deficiency) |
-essential for normal blood clotting
-synthesis of prothrombin in limber -Phylloquininone (Vit K1 -> plants) -Menaquinone (Vit K2 -> bacteria, animals) -Menadione (Vit K3-> synthetic) -synthsized in rumen and large intestine -supplemented to chickens and swine -mouldy feeds, certain drugs may cause deficiency -spontaneous hemoragging |
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Thyamine (B1)
(discovery, active form, functions) |
-first discovered vitamin
-active as thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) -carb and lipid metabolistm -coenzyme: pentose phosphate pathway, CAC -oxidative phophorylation -nucleic acid synthesis, NADPH synthesis |
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Riboflavin (B2)
(functions) |
-transfer of electrons in oxidation,- reduction reactions
-flavoprotein -from 2 electron donors (eg. NADH, succinate) -to 1- electron acceptors (Eg. FAD, heme proteins) |
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Niacin(B3)
(function) |
-nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (niacinamide)
-active in metabolism: NAD and NADP -components of enzyme co-substrates -electron transport in cells -metabolism of nutrients -NAD -> transfer electrons from metabolic etermediates - H donor for respiratory chain -> ATP production -NADP -> reducing agent -biosynthetic pathways |
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Pyridoxine (B6)
(function) |
-several vitamers, interconvertable
-pyridoxine phosphate -pyridoxamine phosphate - coenzyme: aa metabolism, glycogen phosphylase |
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Pantothenic Acid
(function) |
-present in virtually all foods
-component in CoA --production f energy from carbs, fat, protein - formation of Acetyl CoA - cholesterol synthesis -component of acel carrier protein -f.a synthesis (elongation) |
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Biotin
(function) |
-cell growth
-metabolism of fats and aa -hair and skin health -covalently binds to several enzymes -carboxylases -transfer of CO2 -gluconeogenesis -metabolism of some aa -fa synthesis |
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Folic Acid
(function) |
-pteroylglutamic acid
-multiple forms -transfer of 1C units -nucleic acid synthesis -vit b12 synthesis -interconversion of aa -tetrahydrofolate -accepts 1e- from degradative reactions of aa -donors of 1e- in various synthetic reaction -purine and purimidine synthesis |
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Cobalamins (B12)
(form and function) |
-6 diff forms
-mol attached to Co varies (6 possibilities, 2 active) -body can interconvert - stored in liver -only found in meat, produced by bacteria -metabolism of propionate, aa, single C reactions -rearrancement of H from a C to neighbouring C methyl donor in methionine synthesis |
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Ascorbic Acid (C)
(requirement, function) |
required only by humans, apes, guinea pigs, red vented bulbul, fruit eating bat, one trout species)
-enzyme cofactor, electron transport, collagen synthesis, drug metabolism, metal ion metabolism, increased iron ( absorption,immune function, antioxidant functions, reducing agent, cofactor for oxygenase, allow vit E regeneration -can be incorporated into membraane and can absorb unpaired electrons from damaged cells, stabilizing membrane |
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Calcium
(distribution) |
-most abundant
-skeleton and teeth -Ca:P= 1:1, or 2:1 -ionized form in plasma -low Ca in cytosol -> intracellular stores |
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Ca
(functions) |
-structure of bones and teeth (99%)
-hydroxyapatite -36% of bone mineral -muscle contration -transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle -clotting of blood -binds to prothrombin -required for maximum protease, phospholipase, and nuclease activity -2nd messenger i cell communication |
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Ca
(deficiency) |
Rickets
Osteromalacia (loss of bone mass) Osteoporosis (loss of bone density) Parturient paresis (calcium tetani/ milk fever) |
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Ca
(toxicity) |
Oteopetrosis (over mineralization of bone
Urethral and kdney stones Reduced absorption of other nutrients -Zn, Mg, Fe, I, Mn, Cu |
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P
(distribution) |
-1.1% of body
-80-85% in calcium phosphates in bone -remainder in cells or ECF |
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P
(function) |
-structure of bones and teeth
-17% of bone mineral -component of : phosopholipids, DNA/RNA, enzyme and coenzyme systems, metabolic regulation, energy regulation, energy metabolism, blood buffering (pH control), control of bological functions of proteins |
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P
(deficiency) |
-skeletal deformities
-reduced growth, apatite, milk production -pica (deranged appetite) -reproductive dysfunction |
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P
(toxicity) |
-nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
-urinary calculi -laxative effect |
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Mg
(distribution) |
-in many tissues
-half in bones -20-25% in muscles |
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Mg
(functions) |
-structure of bones
-bone mineral 1% -oxidative phosphorylation -reactions involving ATP -enzyme cofactor |
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Mg
(deficiency) |
-anorexia,
-reduced weight gain -hypomagnesemic tetany (grass tetany, higk levels increase mg excretion) |
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K
(distribution) |
-49-55mg/kg BW
-66-75% in muscle -7.6% in bone -2% ECF |
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K(functions)
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-acid base balance
-osmotic equilibrium -enzyme activation -uptake of glucose -nerve transmission and muscle contraction -blood pressure equilibrium -uptake of neutral aa into cells -Na, K,ATPase -uptake of glucose -Na and Cl excreted by kidney |
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K (toxicity)
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-muscle weakness, abnormal heart function
-grass tetany (ruminants) |
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Na (distribution)
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-30% on surface of bone crystals
-plama, -nerve and muscle tissues 93% of cations in body |
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Na(functions)
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-osmotic pressure
Na electrochemical gradients -acid-base balance -nerve transmission |
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Chlorine (function)
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-HCl in stomach
-osmotic regulation -acid-base balance -water balance |
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Sulfur (distribution)
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-hair, wool, feathers
-milk = 0.03% -sulfur aa |
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S (functions)
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-sulfur aa
-thiamin and biotin -enzymes -wool/feathers -thiols and disulfides |
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S (supplentation)
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-methionine
-ruminant can be fed inorganic S (microbes can convert it to methionine and cysteine) |
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Iodine(function)
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-thyroid hormones
-thyroxine (t4) -triiodothyronine (t3) -energy metabolism -physical and mental development |
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Iodine (deficiency)
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-Goiter (cretinism)
-prevented with iodized salt |
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Fe(functions)
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-mostly heme protein in RBC
-hemoglobin and myoglobin -electron transfer in mitochondria (cytochromes b, c1,c aa3, c oxidase) -liberates o from peroxides -catalase and peroxidas -enzymes |
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Fe (supplementation)
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-in sukling pigs, veal calves, and intestinal parasites
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Se (deficiency)
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-white muscle disease
-liver necrosis -exudative diathesis -pancreatic degeneration -anemia -sperm abnormalities |
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Se (toxicity)
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- High Se soils, plants that accumulate Se
-lost of appetite, loss of hair, sloughing of hooves -respiratory failure |
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B (functions)
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- Ca, Mg, vit D metabolism
-maintenence of cell membrains -steroid hormone function |
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Cr (functions)
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-glucose tolerance factor
-cellular action of insulin -nucleic acid metabolism |
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Co (functions)
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-part of cobalamin
-energy, protein metabolism |
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Co (deficiency)
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-similar to vit B12 deficiency
-anorexia, -reduced growth -emaciation |
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F(functions)
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-preventation of dental cavities
-growth |
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Mo( functions)
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-enzyme cofactor
-metabolism of drugs and foreign compounds |
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Si (functions)
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-cross linking in connective tissue
-catalyst in bone calcification -non-toxic, more or less -excessive silica in plants can reduce digestibility -urolithiasis (kidney stones in cattle with large silicone intake) |
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Ni (functions)
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-constituent of urease
-can activate or inhibit certain enzymes that contain other elements -deficiency only under tightly controled experimental conditions |
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V(functions)
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-enzyme cofactor
-ossification of bones and teeth |
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Cu (function)
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-Cuproenzymes
-iron metabolism -nomal bone formation -lysyl oxidase -collagen and elasting cros-linkage in connective tissue -bone fegormities with deficiencies -aortic ruptures -cytochrome C oxidase -elxectron transport -superoxide dismutase -decomposition of superoxide -antioxidant -tyrosinase-> converts tyrosine into certain pigments -pigmentation of skin, hair, feathers -lack of pigmentation -ceruloplasmin -iron metabolism -> anemia |
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-Cu (interactions)
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CuS insoluble, not absorbed
-sulfide oxidase inhibited by Mo high Mo reacts with S, form thiomolybdates -insoluble complexes with copper |
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Mn (functions)
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-bone structure (organic matrix)
-chondroitin sulfate formation -activator of many enzymes -in many cases can be replaced by Mg, Ca, Zn -connective tissue -metalloenzymes -Mn superoxide dismutase -brain function -acetylcholine deactivation -breaks down acetylcholine to stop nerve from firing -enzymes -carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism |
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Zn(functions)
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-Metalloenzymes
-stabilization of membranes binding of proteins to membrane -control of gene transcription -zinc fingers to bind to DNA -immune function |
