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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is windup?
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Hyperexcitable state of the spinal cord that ocurs when there is a volley of afferent nociceptive impulses
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What's the importance of windup?
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Requires analgesia be given along with anesthesia, else pain is worse when the patient wakes up.
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Analgesia (define)
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Loss of sensibility to pain
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3 drug classes that affect windup
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- Local anesthetics block
- Opiois obtund - NMDA blocks central pathways |
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Pain threshold is decreased by what? (7)
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- Age
- Sex - Breed - Fear - Sleep deprivation - Helplessness - Anxiety |
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Pain threshold is increased by what? (2)
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- Training
- Drugs |
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Three changes in CV during pain
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- Alterations in HR
- Alterations in BP - Arrhythmias |
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Respiratory complications with pain (4)
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- Hypoxemia
- Hypercarbia - Atelectasis - Retention of secretions |
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Two nervous signs of pain
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- Pupillary diameter changes
- Changes in body temperature |
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What is the ability to recognize pain based on? (2)
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- Time
- Trauma |
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What are the four indicators we use to determine if an animal is in pain?
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- Observation
- Physiologic responses - Behavioral responses - Response to therapy |
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4 physical ways to treat pain
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- Environmental changes
- Physical therapy - Accupuncture - Chiropractics |
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3 environmental changes that aid in pain treatment
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- Habituate patient to environment preoperatively
- Induce and recover in warm, quiet environment - Nursing care (lubricate eyes, check bladder, remove dried blood) |
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5 physical therapies that can be used in pain treatment
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- Cryotherapy
- Moist heat - Exercise - Hydrotherapy - Massage |
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What's the only true tranquilizer we have in vet med?
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Acepromazine
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How does acepromazine work?
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Epinephrine reversal
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What's a bad tranquilizer to use?
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Diazepam
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4 opiods good for mild to moderate pain
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- Butorphanol
- Pentazocine - Nalbuphine - Buprenorphine |
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5 opioids that are good for moderate to severe pain
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- Morphine
- Oxymorphone - Hydromorphone - Fentanyl - Meperidine |
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Classes of analgesics (4)
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- Opioids
- NMDA antagonists - a2-agonists - NSAIDs |
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Indications of NSAIDs
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Young, healthy animals
- Should be given after, not before, surgery due to platelet issues |
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Which NSAID should never be given perioperatively?
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ASA
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3 techniques of local anesthetic delivery
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- Scheduled
- Continuous infusion - Transcutaneous |
