2.5Vm - Surgery - Test I - Cpr

Front 1

What's the first step of CPR?

Back 1

Classifying the patient by the light system

Front 2

What is the color classification scheme?

Back 2

Red = DNR
Yellow = external means
Green = internal means

Front 3

Predisposing risks to CPA and which is the most common? (4)

Back 3

- Respiratory disease (most common)
- Acute renal failure on high doses of fluids (volume overload)
- Electrolyte abnormalities
- Vagal stimulation

Front 4

7 clinical signs that may indicate imminent CPA

Back 4

- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Gasping, agonal breaths
- Hypoxemia
- Decreased end-tidal CO2
- Increased capillary refill time
- Irregular to no pulse

Front 5

Why is CRT and mucous membrane color not a good indicator of CPA?

Back 5

Can remain normal for several minutes after an arrest.
- Only useul if they appear abnormal.

Front 6

CPA is the absence of what two things?

Back 6

- Spontaneous ventillation
- Palpable pulses and heart sounds

Front 7

What are the ABCD of CPR?

Back 7

- Airway establishment
- Breathing
- Circulation
- Drugs

Front 8

What position should the animal be placed in during CPR?

Back 8

Right lateral recumbency

Front 9

2 goals of CPR

Back 9

- Return of effective ventillation
- Return of effective circulation

Front 10

What ventillation rate should patients be put on for CPR?

Back 10

12 - 15 breaths per minute

Front 11

What should you be cautious of when ventilating during CPR?

Back 11

Be sure not to hyperventilate

Front 12

Compression rate during CPR

Back 12

80 - 100 compressions per minute
- Compression time should equal relaxation time

Front 13

2 ways to assess effectiveness of compressions

Back 13

- End Tidal CO2
- Doppler ultrasound transducer

Front 14

What do you do during interposed abdominal compressions and why?

Back 14

Alternate chest and abdomen compressions
- Supposed to increase venous return

Front 15

5 things that should be included in a minimum database.

Back 15

- PCV
- TS
- Blood glucose
- Venous blood gas
- Electrolytes

Front 16

What should end tidal CO2 be in dogs?

Back 16

15 mmHg

Front 17

What should end tidal CO2 be in cats?

Back 17

20 mmHg

Front 18

What should end tidal CO2 be in foals?

Back 18

12 - 18 mmHg

Front 19

How much IV crystalloids should be given to a dog if it's normovolemic prior to arrest?

Back 19

20 ml/kg bolus

Front 20

How much IV crystalloids should be given to a cat if it's normovolemic prior to arrest?

Back 20

10 ml/kg bolus

Front 21

How much IV crystalloids should be given to a dog if it's hypovolemic prior to arrest?

Back 21

90 ml/kg

Front 22

How much IV crystalloids should be given to a cat if it's hypovolemic prior to arrest?

Back 22

45 ml/kg

Front 23

How much synthetic colloids should be given to a dog?

Back 23

20 ml/kg

Front 24

How much synthetic colloids should be given to a cat?

Back 24

5-10 ml/kg
- Have to be given over 15-30 minutes, not as a bolus

Front 25

Dosage of hypertonic saline

Back 25

4-6 ml/kg IV over 5 minutes

Front 26

3 effects of epinephrine that makes it useful in CPR

Back 26

- Increased HR
- Bronchial relaxation
- Vasoconstriction

Front 27

3 conditions epinephrine is used to treat

Back 27

- Ventricular fibrillation
- Pulseless electrical activity
- Asystole

Front 28

4 conditions that vasopressin treats

Back 28

- Ventricular fibrillation
- Pulseless electrical activity
- Asystole
- Ventricular tachycardia

Front 29

What does atropine do in regards to the heart? (2)

Back 29

- Increase AV node conduction
- Increase sinus node automaticity

Front 30

3 conditions that atropine treats

Back 30

- Pulseless electrical activity
- Asystole
- Bradycardia

Front 31

What does lidocaine do in regards to the heart?

Back 31

Reduces automaticity

Front 32

What is a downside to lidocaine usage during CPR?

Back 32

Increases defibrillation threshold (makes it harder to defibrillate)

Front 33

What is lidocaine used to treat?

Back 33

Ventricular arrythmias

Front 34

What is magnesium recommended for treatment of?

Back 34

Refractory ventricular dysrhythmias

Front 35

2 conditions calcium is used to treat

Back 35

- Hypocalemia
- Hyperkalemia

Front 36

When is sodium bicarbonate indicated? (2)

Back 36

- Hyperkalemia
- Pre-existing acidosis

Front 37

What must be considered with usage of sodium bicarbonate?

Back 37

Generates CO2 so it's imperative that th eanimal is being well ventilated
- Not recommended for routine CPR

Front 38

How do you reverse an alpha 2 agonist?

Back 38

Atipamezole or Yohimbine

Front 39

How do you reverse opioids?

Back 39

Naloxone

Front 40

How do you reverse benzodiazepines?

Back 40

Flumazenil

Front 41

What is sinus bradycardia and what are the rates for the dog and cat?

Back 41

Normal sinus rhythym with a heart rate of less than:
- 40 - 60 in dogs
- 120 - 140 in cats

Front 42

What is sinus tachycardia and what are the rates in dogs and cats?

Back 42

Normal sinus rhythm with a rate of greater than:
Dogs: 160 - 180 bpm
Cats: 220 - 240 bpm

Front 43

What causes a ventricular tachycardia, and what does the ECG wave look like?

Back 43

Ectopic foci in the ventricle repetitively firing
- Even waves

Front 44

What does the ECG of a ventricular fibrillation look like?

Back 44

Chaotic fibrillation waves with absence of PQRST waves

Front 45

What does a pulseless electrical activity ECG look like?

Back 45

Normal
- However arteriolar BP is 0

Front 46

What does an asystole ECG wave look like?

Back 46

Flat line

Front 47

Two drugs that improve the responsiveness of ventricular fibrillation to defibrillation

Back 47

- Epinephrine
- Vasopressin

Front 48

Why should ventricular fibrillation be identified early?

Back 48

More responsive early on

Front 49

6 steps to defibrillating the heart

Back 49

- Give 1 shock
- Resume compressions immediately
- Check rhythym after two minutes
- Give another shock
- Continue compressions for two minutes
- Give drugs (optional)

Front 50

What should you NOT use for conduction medium of paddles?

Back 50

Alcohol
- Unless on pigs

Front 51

6 indications for open chest CPR vs closed

Back 51

- Owner's wishes
- Large dogs
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural effusion
- Pericardial effusion
- Diaphragmatic hernia

Front 52

What approach should you make for open chest CPR?

Back 52

Left 5th-6th ICS

Front 53

Method and rate of massaging heart for open chest CPR

Back 53

- Compress heart from apex to base
- 80 - 100 bpm

Front 54

5 procedures to finishing open chest CPR

Back 54

- Warm sterile lavage of thorax
- Place chest tube
- Close incision
- Given ABs
- Give analgesics

Front 55

3 post operative monitoring measures for resuscitated patients

Back 55

- Blood pressure
- Pulse oximetry
- ECG

Front 56

What's the most important aspect of post-operative care for open-heart CPR patients?

Back 56

Analgesics

Front 57

What's a common neurological abnormality seen post-CPR?

Back 57

Cerebral edema

Front 58

What do you treat cerebral edema with post-CPR?

Back 58

Mannitol (0.25 to 0.5 g/kg IV over 20 minutes)

Front 59

What's the ventillation procedure for post-CPR patients?

Back 59

100% O2 to start, weaning down to <50% O2 as soon as possible to avoid oxygen toxicity