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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Herd health (definition)
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Planned animal health and production management program with regularly scheduled vet activities and good herd management designed to achieve and maintain opitmum animal health and production
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Objective of herd health
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Maintenance of animal health and production at the most efficient level while maintaining animal well being and minimizing pollution
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Three components of the epidemiologic triad
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- Agent factors
- Environmental factors - Host factors |
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What is the difference of biosecurity and biocontainment?
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Biosecurity aims to prevent disease in the premises
Biocontaiment aims to prevent disease spread within the premises |
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What are the four principles of biosecurity?
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RIST
- Resistance - Isolation - Traffic - Sanitation |
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Six ways that disease is transmitted onto or within a premises
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- Fomites
- Animals - Feedstuff - Impure water - Manure handling - Non-livestock |
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Three things to consider when selecting disinfectants
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- Target pathogen
- Organic load - Disinfectant's properties |
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Infectious disease
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Disease caused by a microorganism
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Contagious disease
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Disease capable of being transmitted
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Infection
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Active replication of a microorganism in an animal host
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Pathogenicity
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Ability of an infection to produce clinical disease
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Virulence
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Ability of an infection to produce severe clinical disease
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Induction period
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Same as an incubation period (time from exposure to clinical sign) but refers to non-infectious substances
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Two temporal pattern types in an outbreak
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- Point source
- Propagated |
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Incubation period of chemicals
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1 - 6 hours
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Incubation period of bacterial toxins
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12 - 24 hours
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Incubation period of fast growing organisms
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1 - 3 days
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Incubation period of slow growing organisms
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3+ days
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Food defense (define)
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Protection of food products from intentional adulteration
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Agency concerned with food defense
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ODIFP (FSIS Office of Data Integration & Food Protection)
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Food security (define)
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Access of all people all the time to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life
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How much of the US is food secure?
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85%
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How much of the US has low food security?
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8%
5% have very low food security |
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Where are the majority of undernourished people in the world?
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Sub-saharan Africa
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Food safety (define)
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Prevention or reduction of microbial, chemical, and physical contamination of food through mitigation strategies
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Two subsets of food safety
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- Pre-harvest
- Post-harvest |
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Which subset of food safety includes examination of food animals, ante- and post- mortem?
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Post-harvest
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Which three foods does the FDA NOT regulate?
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- Meat
- poultry - Processed eggs Regulates everything else |
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Which agency labels food?
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USDA
- Except alcohol > 7% |
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Which agency monitors public health?
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CDC
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What three things does the FSIS branch of USDA monitor?
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- Meat
- Poultry - Processed eggs |
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What three things does APHIS branch of USDA do?
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- Protects and promotes US ag health
- Administers Animal Welfare Act - Carries out wildlife damage management activities |
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What branch of the USDA regulates foreign food trade and information?
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Foreign Agricultural Service
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3 things the FSIS monitors
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- Specific pathogens
- Residues - Added ingredients |
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3 specific pathogens the FSIS monitors
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- Listeria monocytogenes
- E. coli O157:H7 - Salmonella |
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What agency regulates drinking water?
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EPA
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Four components of FoodNet
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- Population survey
- Physician survey - Laboratory survey - Active surveillance by CDC |
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Four organizations that FoodNet is a collaborative effort of
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- CDC
- USDA - FSIS - FDA |
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What is a good source for foodborne pathogens in livestock?
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National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS)
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What does HACCP stand for?
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Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
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What is HACCP used for?
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Prevention of problems
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Hazard (define)
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Agent that causes an event to occur
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Risk (define)
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Probability that an event will occur
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HACCP covers all types of potential food safety hazards regardless of if they're natural or not, intended or not.
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HACCP covers all types of potential food safety hazards regardless of if they're natural or not, intended or not.
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Process control (define)
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Preventing occurrence of problems by assuring that controls are applied at any point in the production system where situations could occur
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Which service is voluntary, inspection or grading?
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Grading
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When is inspection not mandatory?
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Meats for personal use
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What are non-amenable species?
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Those not subject to the Federal Meat Inspection Act
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3 species that aren't subject to the Federal Meat Inspection Act
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- Bison
- Deer - Elk There's more but these are the top 3. |
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What agency governs non-amenable species?
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FDA
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5 qualities of antemortem inspection
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- Before slaughter
- On-premises - The day of slaughter - In motion - At rest |
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Which workers segregate normal from abnormal animals?
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Food inspectors
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Which workers provide dispositions in a slaughter plant?
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Veterinary Medical Officers
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3 antemortem dispositions
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- Pass for regular slaughter
- Pass for slaughter as US suspect - US condemned |
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6 postemortem dispositions
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U.S. Inspected and Passed
U.S. Inspected and Condemned Passed for Refrigeration Passed for Cooking Passed for Heating Passed for Use in Cooked Comminuted Product |
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The main goal of animal health monitoring
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“…to identify, maintain, and enhance the health status of our country's livestock and poultry populations”
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Which is more intensive: monitoring or surveillance?
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Surveillance
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Primary difference between monitoring and surveillance
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Surveillance includes an action to prevent or control the health problem being observed
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Primary difference between active and passive collection of data
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Active collection of data is done...actively, where as passive collection requires others to volunteer information to you.
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4 types of surveillance
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- External
- Internal - Sentinel - Syndromic |
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How do external and internal surveillance differ?
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External is used to detect an agent before it's entered the population.
Internal is used to detect an agent after it's entered the population. |
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What is syndromic surveillance?
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Surveillance based on symptoms
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What is sentinel surveillance?
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Using sentinel animals/herds for detection of the agent in question
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3 functions of the CDC
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- Monitor and prevent disease outbreaks
- Implement disease prevention strategies - Maintain national health statistics |
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What's the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research?
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NIH
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4 things the FDA is responsible for
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- Protecting public health
- Regulating tobacco products - Helping to speed product innovations - Helping the public get the information they need on products to improve their health |
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What branch of the FDA regulates the manufacture and distribution of food additives and drugs that are given to animals?
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CVM
- Center for Veterinary Medicine |
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What agency and branch regulates vaccines for animals?
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USDA
- APHIS |
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3 things that APHIS is responsible for
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- Protecting and promoting US agricultural health
- Administering Animal Welfare Act - Carrying out wildlife damage management activities |
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Three things that FSIS regulates
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- Meat
- Poultry - Egg products Part of the USDA |
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What is the research branch of the USDA?
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ARS
- Agricultural Research Service |
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What does the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) do?
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Serves as the Regional Office for the Americas of the WHO
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What organization leads international efforts to defeat hunger?
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
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Two functions of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
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- Leads international efforts to defeat hunger
- Helps developing countries to modernize agriculture, forestry, and fisheries |
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What catalyzed the formation of World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)?
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Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium
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What does the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) do? (5 objectives)
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- Ensures transparency in global animal disease situation
- Disseminates information of animal diseases in member countries to other countries. - Encourages solidarity in animal disease control - Sanitary and food safety/welfare - Promoates veterinary services |
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What's believed to be the biblical plagues?
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Anthrax
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What zoonotic disease was discovered in Egyptian mummies?
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Cysticercosis
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Disease that has appeared in a human population for the first time or has occurred previously, but is increasing in incidence or expanding into areas where it had not been reported in the past 20 years (term)
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Emerging disease
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Top three human cases of reportable diseases in Texas
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- Lyme Disease
- Murine typhus - West Nile encephalitis |
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Term for an animal to human transmission of disease
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Anthropozoonosis
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Term for a human to animal transmission of disease
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Zooanthroponosis
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What is an example of a zooanthroponosis?
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Tuberculosis
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Term for a disease that can be spread from animal to human or vice versa
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Amphixenosis
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Direct zoonosis (define)
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Maintenance ina single vertebrate species
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Cyclozoonosis (define)
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Maintenance requires more than one vertebrate species
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Metazoonosis (define)
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Cycle requires both vertebrate and invertebrate species
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Saprozoonosis (define)
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Cycle requires inanimate reservoirs or development sites as well as vertebrate species
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What is another term for zoonoses' that use an urban cycle?
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Synanthropic zoonoses
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What is another term for zoonoses' that use a sylvatic cycle?
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Exoanthropic zoonoses
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4 criteria for antemortem inspections
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- Before slaughter
- On premises ** - On day of slaughter - In motion and at rest |
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Postmortem categories
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o US inspected and passed
o US inspected and condemned o Pass for refrigeration o Passed for cooking o Passed for heating o Passed for use in cooked comminuted product |
