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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 types of lipids found in animals
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- Sterols
- Fatty acids - Glycerol esters - Sphingosines - Terpenes |
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What are triglycerides metabolized by?
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Pancreatic lipase
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Cholesterol + fatty acid = ?
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Cholesterol ester
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Metabolism of cholesterol esters
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Hydrolyzed and absorbed into enterocyte
- Included in chylomicron |
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Source of chylomicrons
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Enterocytes
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2 functions of chylomicrons
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- Transports dietary triglycerides to tissues
- Interaction with Lipoprotein Lipase |
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Where do triglycerides not utilized by tissues go?
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Liver
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Action of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) on chylomicrons
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Removes 90% of triglycerides from chylomicron
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Insulin's effects on LPL
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Enhances activity of LPL on capillary endothelial surface
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Thyroxin's effects on LPL
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Enhances activity
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Heparin's effects on LPL
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Induces release of LPL
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Source of VLDLs
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Synthesized in liver
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Two fates of VLDL during triglyceride loss
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- Converted to VLDL remnant
- Converted to IDL |
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Source of IDLs
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Made in plasma from action of LPL on VLDLs
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Primary function of VLDL
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Transports hepatic triglycerides to tissues
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Function of IDLs
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Transports hepatic triglycerides to tissues through action of LPL
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What occurs to IDLs who've had triglycerides removed?
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Becomes LDL
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How are IDLs removed from plasma?
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Hepatocytes
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What are LDLs created from?
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- VLDLs
- IDLs |
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Function of LDLs
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Transports cholesterol to tissues in the body
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What removes triglycerides from LDL?
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Hepatic lipase
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What are LDLs removed from the plasma by? (2)
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- Liver (50%)
- Macrophages |
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Source of HDLs (2)
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- Liver
- Intestine |
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Function of HDLs
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Transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver where they are degraded by hepatocytes
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What are FFAs released from?
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Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue
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Function of FFAs
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Travels to striated muscles and liver for breakdown or conversion to other lipids
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Fasting routine for analysis of blood lipids levels
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12 hour fast
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Two acceptable samples for lipid evaluation
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- Serum
- Plasma |
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What negatively affects the analysis of cholesterol levels?
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High bilirubin concentrations (icterus)
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Increase in what two things usually causes a lipemia?
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- Chylomicrons
- VLDLs |
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How long does a post-prandial hyperlipemia take to resolve?
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8 - 16 hours
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Species that has an idiopathic hyperlipidemia
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Miniature schnauzers
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What is often associated with high triglyceride levels?
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Elevated liver enzymes
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Pathogenesis of a primary hypertriglyceridemia in cats
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Increased concentration of a defective LPL protein with no enzymatic activity
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9 secondary hypertriglyceridemias
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- Acute pancreatitis
- Cholestasis - Diabetes mellitus - Hypothyroidism (in dogs) - Hyperadrenocorticism (in dogs) - Nephrotic syndrome - Protein-losing nephropathy - Equine hyperlipidemic syndrome - Feline hepatic lipidosis |
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What is elevated in an acute pancreatitis as far as lipoproteins?
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Hypertriglyceridemia primarily
+/- hypercholesterolemia |
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What is elevated in a cholestasis as far as lipoproteins?
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Hypercholesterolemia without hypertriglyceridemia
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Pathogenesis of cholestasis (3)
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- Decreased excretion of bilirubin
- Defective uptake of LDLs - Increase in alternative lipoproteins |
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What two blood values are increased in diabetes mellitus?
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- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Mild hypercholesterolemia |
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Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (2)
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- Low insulin results in decreased LPL activity
- Mobilization of body lipid stores due to increased LPL |
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Pathogenesis of hyperlipoproteinemia associated with hypothyroidism in dogs (2)
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- Decreased LDL clearance
- Decreased activity of LPL |
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What blood value is increased in hypothyroidism?
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Hypercholesterolemia
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What lipoprotein is increased in hyperadrenocorticism?
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Hypercholesterolemia
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4 conditions found in a nephrotic syndrome
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- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hypercholesterolemia - Proteinuria - Edema/ascites |
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What lipoprotein is increased in nephrotic syndromes?
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Hypercholesterolemia
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Pathogenesis of nephrotic syndromes
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- Increased hepatic VLDL production
- Defective lipolysis - Enhances synthesis of cholesterol - Defective conversion of cholesterol to bile acids |
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What value is increased in equine hyperlipidemic syndrome?
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Severe hypertriglyceridemia
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What is equine hyperlipidemic syndrome usually secondary to?
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Conditions causing negative energy balance
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Pathogenesis of Equine Hyperlipidemic Syndrome (3)
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- Negative energy balance with increased triglyceride mobilization
- Increased VLDL synthesis - Lipids accumulate in hepatocytes |
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What lipoprotein is increased in hepatic lipidosis?
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Fatty acids
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3 conditions associated with hypocholesterolemia in terms of lipids
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- Portosystemic shunt
- Protein losing enteropathy - Hypoadrenocorticism |
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Pathogenesis of a protein losing enteropathy leading to hypocholesterolemia
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- Decreased lipoprotein production
- Loss of lipids normally absorbed by enterocytes |
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Pathogenesis of a portosystemic shunt leading to hypocholesterolemia
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- Decreased cholesterol production due to decreased hepatic mass
- Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by bile acids |
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What's the 'refrigerator test' used for?
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Differentiate a post-prandial hyperlipidemia
- Cream layer at top indicates chylomicron presence, which indicates post-prandial hyperlipidemia |
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What is used to evaluate a patient for a dislipoproteinemic pattern?
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Lipoprotein electrophoresis
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