Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is starch broken down to in the SI and by what?
|
Glc by amylase
|
|
|
What is glycogen broken down to in the SI and by what?
|
Glc by amylase
|
|
|
What is lactose broken down to in the SI and by what?
|
Glc and Galactose by lactase
|
|
|
What is sucrose broken down to in the SI and by what?
|
Glc and Fructose by sucrase
|
|
|
What is the only glucose transporter that's responsive to insulin, and where is it located in the body? (3)
|
GLUT-4
- Cardiac muscle - Skeletal muscle - Adipose tissue |
|
|
Two locations glycogen is stored
|
- Liver
- Muscle |
|
|
2 hormones that stimulate glycogenolysis
|
- Epinephrine
- Glucagon |
|
|
What is released from glycogenolysis in the hepatocyte?
|
Glc
|
|
|
What is released from glycogenolysis in the myocyte?
|
- Lactate
- Pyruvate Myocytes can't export Glc |
|
|
What is the main source of glucose in ruminants?
|
Gluconeogenesis from propionate
|
|
|
Where is insulin produced?
|
B-cells in pancreatic islets
|
|
|
What is release of insulin regulated by? (2)
|
- Blood [Glc]
- GI hormones |
|
|
What are five things that glucose promotes?
|
- Glycogen synthesis
- Lipid synthesis - Protein synthesis - Glc transport across membranes of muscle and fat cells - Glc utilization |
|
|
What is glucagon produced by?
|
alpha cells in the pancreatic islets
|
|
|
What is glucagon release stimulated by?
|
Hypoglycemia
|
|
|
2 things that glucagon stimulates
|
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Glucagon is a secretogogue to what hormone?
|
Insulin
|
|
|
What is somatostatin produced by?
|
delta cells in the pancreas islets
|
|
|
One hormone that causes a decrease in blood Glc
|
Insulin
|
|
|
Four hormones that cause an increase in blood Glc
|
- Glucagon
- Catecholamines - Somatotropin (growth hormone) - Cortisol |
|
|
3 things that somatostatin inhibits
|
- Growth hormone
- Glucagon - Insulin |
|
|
In what type of animal is fasting unnecessary to test for glucose?
|
Ruminants
|
|
|
How does the site of collection of blood for a Glc test affect the test?
|
Arterial and capillary blood Glc is higher than venous Glc
|
|
|
3 tubes that require separation of serum to run a blood Glc test on
|
- Clot tube (red)
- Lithium Heparin (green) - Sodium fluoride (grey) |
|
|
How long does serum glucose stay stable in the fridge?
|
48 hours
|
|
|
How are glucose levels in serum related to glucose levels in plasma?
|
Equivalent as long as they're separated at the same time
|
|
|
4 analytical methods of Glc levels
|
- Photometric
- Colorimetric - Kinetic assays - Portable glucose meters |
|
|
What three conditions related to the blood affect a photometric assay?
|
- Lipemia
- Hemolysis - Icterus |
|
|
What causes a false decrease in a kinetic assay for Glc analysis?
|
Bromide
|
|
|
What part of the kidney resorbs Glc?
|
Proximal renal tubule
|
|
|
4 symptoms of hyperglycemia
|
- PU/PD
- Increased appetite with weight loss - Depression - Vomiting |
|
|
4 causes of physiologic hyperglycemia
|
- Post-prandial
- Excitement - Steroids - Diestrus |
|
|
How long in monogastrics does it take for Glc levels to return to normal after eating?
|
4 - 12 hours
|
|
|
5 types of Diabetes Mellitus
|
- Type I Diabetes mellitus
- Type II diabetes mellitus - Endocrine diabetes mellitus - Drug-induced diabetes mellitus - Infectious diabetes mellitus |
|
|
7 causes of pathologic hyperglycemia
|
- Type I Diabetes mellitus
- Type II diabetes mellitus - Endocrine diabetes mellitus - Drug-induced diabetes mellitus - Infectious diabetes mellitus - Hyperammonemia - Pharmacologic or toxicologic substances |
|
|
How does ammonia influence body Glc levels?
|
Stimulates Glucagon release
|
|
|
Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus type I
|
Immune mediated destruction of beta cells, so no insulin produced
|
|
|
What sex does Diabetes Mellitus Type I occur most often in?
|
Females
|
|
|
What causes a false decrease in a kinetic assay for Glc analysis?
|
Bromide
|
|
|
What part of the kidney resorbs Glc?
|
Proximal renal tubule
|
|
|
4 symptoms of hyperglycemia
|
- PU/PD
- Increased appetite with weight loss - Depression - Vomiting |
|
|
4 causes of physiologic hyperglycemia
|
- Post-prandial
- Excitement - Steroids - Diestrus |
|
|
How long in monogastrics does it take for Glc levels to return to normal after eating?
|
4 - 12 hours
|
|
|
5 types of Diabetes Mellitus
|
- Type I Diabetes mellitus
- Type II diabetes mellitus - Endocrine diabetes mellitus - Drug-induced diabetes mellitus - Infectious diabetes mellitus |
|
|
7 causes of pathologic hyperglycemia
|
- Type I Diabetes mellitus
- Type II diabetes mellitus - Endocrine diabetes mellitus - Drug-induced diabetes mellitus - Infectious diabetes mellitus - Hyperammonemia - Pharmacologic or toxicologic substances |
|
|
How does ammonia influence body Glc levels?
|
Stimulates Glucagon release
|
|
|
Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus type I
|
Destruction of beta cells, so no insulin produced
|
|
|
What sex does Diabetes Mellitus Type I occur most often in?
|
Females
|
|
|
Most common form of Diabetes Mellitus in cats
|
Type II
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus Type II
|
Insulin resistance
|
|
|
Causative agent of Diabetes Mellitus Type II in cats
|
Amylin accumulation damages beta cells
|
|
|
8 causes of a endocrine Diabetes Mellitus
|
- Acromegaly
- Glucagonoma - Hyperadrenocorticism - Hyperpituitarism - Hyperthyroidism - Hypothyroidism - Pheochromocytoma - Bovine milk fever |
|
|
2 causes of drug-induced Diabetes Mellitus
|
- Steroids
- Megestrol acetate |
|
|
How does Megestrol Acetate cause Diabetes Mellitus?
|
- Steroid action stimulates Glc-neo
- Progestin action stimulates GH |
|
|
How does BVDV cause Diabetes Mellitus?
|
Damages Beta cells
|
|
|
How does sepsis cause Diabetes Mellitus?
|
Insulin resistance due to endotoxins
|
|
|
How does hyperamonemia cause Diabetes Mellitus?
|
Ammonia stimulates glucagon
|
|
|
5 symptoms of Hypoglycemia
|
- Seizures
- Depression - Tremors - Collapse - Disorientation |
|
|
2 causes of a spurius hypoglycemia test result
|
- In vitro glycolysis
- Bromide interference |
|
|
7 pathologic causes of a hypoglycemia
|
- Increased insulin secretion
- Decreased insulin antagonism - Decreased gluconeogenesis - Decreased glycogenolysis - Increased glucose utilization - Pharmacologic or toxicologic - Idiopathic |
|
|
Two causes of increased insulin secretion
|
- Insulinoma
- Xylitol toxicosis |
|
|
What species do insulinomas occur most in? (2)
|
- Ferrets
- Dogs |
|
|
Two causes of decreased insulin antagonism
|
- Hypoadrenocorticism
- Hypopituarism |
|
|
4 causes of decreased gluconeogenesis
|
- Hepatic insufficiency
- Hypoadrenocorticism - Neonatal/juvenile hypoglycemia - Starvation |
|
|
Cause of decreased glycogenolysis
|
Glycogen storage diseases
|
|
|
Two causes of an increased glucose utilization
|
- Exertional hypoglycemia
- Lactational hypoglycemia (bovine ketosis) in dairy cattle |
|
|
3 pharmacologic/toxicologic causes of hypoglycemia
|
- Insulin OD
- Sulfonylurea compounds - Ethanol (blocks Glc-neo) |
|
|
3 ancillary tests for Glucose levels
|
- Glycated proteins
- Glucose tolerance test - Insulin measurement (Immunoreactive Insulin Measurement) |
|
|
What are glycated proteins?
|
Proteins with Glc or Fru irreversibly attached
- Gives a measurement of the average blood glucose over a period of time |
|
|
Relationship of glycated protein concentration with glucose levels
|
Increased by persistent hyperglycemia
|
|
|
Which species has a relatively high normal blood glucose level?
|
Birds (200 - 400 mg/dl)
|
|
|
Which species has a relatively low normal blood glucose level?
|
Bovine (75 - 90 mg/dl)
|
|
|
3 species that have a normal blood glucose level of about 65 - 130 mg/dl?
|
- Dog
- Cat - Horse |
|
|
Glucose renal threshold in dogs
|
180 mg/dl
|
|
|
Glucose renal threshold in cats
|
280 mg/dl
|
|
|
Glucose renal threshold in birds
|
600 mg/dl
|
|
|
Indication for a glycated protein test
|
Used to prove a persistent hyperglycemic state
|
|
|
Indication for a glucose tolerance test
|
Determines whether an animal tolerates additional glucose
- If it can't, then it probably has diabetes and will show a diabetic curve with an excessive increased in blood glucose and slow return to normal levels |
|
|
Indication for an insulin measurement
|
Used to determine if inappropriate levels of insulin are being secreted
|
|
|
Indication for a Glucose and Insulin Test
|
Performed if suspecting insulin resistance in a horse with a normal resting serum-insulin concentration
|
